Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay

What is the relationship between ethics and critical thinking? Critical thinking and ethics are used in everyday life. I think it best that we define the two terms before we get deep into the discussion. The Merriam-Webster dictionary says ethics is â€Å"the discipline dealing with what are good and bad with moral duty and obligation† and Dictionary Reference say critical thinking is â€Å"disciplined thinking that is clear, rational, open-minded, and informed by evidence†. These could both be further defined by saying they are the ability to make good or bad choices and the act of thoroughly thinking through a decision. Critical thinking and ethics decisions are life skills. Critical Thinking There are six levels in the critical thinking process. They are remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. The majority of people use the first four levels in day to day life. The final two levels are probably used in more complex problems and more time will be required in devotion to applying these steps. Critical thinking is used in our day to day lives. We make multiple decisions in a day’s time. Some of these decisions are routine and some require more effort and time. We learn to evaluate things at a young age and most likely pick up most of our problem solving skills from our parents. When you hear the term â€Å"critical thinking† your first thought may be negative but critical thinking should not be thought of as â€Å"being critical† but rather â€Å"think critically†. During our life there will be times when we need to make decisions that can be life altering. A few examples might be buying a new car, choosing courses at your university, or deciding between a two jobs. Everyone can relate to the stress of buying a new car. This is a decision that could  affect you for the next five years and it’s a decision that should not be taken lightly. My decision to buy the car may have a different outcome if I start the process with questions as opposed to making a emotional purchase. Those questions might look something like this, â€Å"What type of car do I want?†, â€Å"What amount of payment can I afford?†, and â€Å"What is the best car make?†. All of these questions will determine the outcome. Answering all these questions will allow me to make an informed decision. Ethics We stated earlier that ethics deals with knowing what is right or wrong. We do the right thing because it is the law, because it is what we were taught, or because we listen to our inner voice. I used a personal evaluation tool earlier this week called the ethical inventory list. This was an activity to help me better understand the values that influence my decisions. This tool produced some shocking results which I was surprised to see. My preferred ethical lens was Reputation. I do care what people think and this has motivated me to excel in all things I do. My blind spot was revealed during this exercise and was identified as â€Å"unrealistic role expectation†. I had to read the definition twice to fully understand it and I still need to do more research. In short, I put too much value in the role (position) a person holds and that can cause you to forget that people make mistakes. My father was a law enforcement officer. I was taught what was right and wrong at a young ag e. My father took this to the extreme at times because he saw more bad than good while assuming his daily duties. I have always been known as the guy that will make the right choice even if that choice is the hard choice. Ethics apply to the professional world and well as the social sector. I work for a large heavy equipment manufacture. Ethics is one of our core values. The company makes ethical choices that affect the entire world. A few examples are promoting safety, recycling, emissions, and renewable resources. Do these topics cross your mind when you think of the largest heavy equipment manufacturers in the world? They may not but it is the professional right, the ethically right thing to do. When I first started working for the company I was surprised at how much emphasis was placed on safety. They require wearing PPE (personal protection equipment) and have mandatory monthly safety training. The company recycles everything. They recycle all metal products, cardboard, plastics, wood, and  even personal trash has to be sorted. Professional companies maintain high ethical standards because it is the right thing to do for their employees and customers. Social ethics is doing what is right for the people around you. When I think of social ethics a couple things come to mind. First is the â€Å"adopt a highway† sign that you see along the roadway when you drive home. Groups of people come together for no apparent reason besides keep the world a cleaner place. Is this the right thing to do? Sure it is. Another example is the groups of people that come together at public parks to do maintenance and clean-up work. Chances are they do not live in the neighborhood, nor do they have children that play there. Why do people strangers come together sacrificing their free time to volunteer for activities like these? There is one answer. They are the ethically right thing to do. Conclusion Ethics are a vital part of survival but we need to be reminded ourselves that ethics change as the world changes. Things that used to be considered in a negative manner is now accepted by society. However, we still need ethical decisions in order for us to thrive as a community, a society, and a civilization. References Ethics [Def. 1]. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster Online. In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from http://merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethics Critical Thinking [Def. 2]. (n.d.). Dictionary Reference Online. In Dictionary Reference Online. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from dictionary.reference.com/browse/critical+thinking

Racism Research the Case Study of Tuskegee Syphilis Study Essay

Introduction                     The study of Tuskegee Syphilis study case was to find out the extent of the untreated syphilis in urban areas and the way to stop it by carrying out a research on the affected ones which comprised of 400 men in Alabama, especially among the blacks, â€Å"the USPHS conducted studies in the rural South to determine the prevalence of syphilis among blacks and explore the possibilities for mass treatment† (Brandt, 65). The study of Tuskegee syphilis study had it results and consequences. It was misunderstood and therefore it was highly criticized. The results of the research were helpful since they led to finding out the root cause of the intense increase of syphilis in blacks. The consequences were far worse since the participants were not informed of the actual intentions of the research because the doctors believed that they would reject the ideas and therefore violated their human right of consent (Brandt, 66-67). It led to the death of people since the researches knowingly did not treat the patient even after finding out the right antibiotics for Syphilis. The consequences of the study brought about the establishment of boards and legislations to govern research and stipulate its rules for all the research to be carried out. The study also raised issue about the professional ethics since they used human to experiment on their research and used deception to gain their trust and it showed more o f racism than medical issues. The study case of the Tuskegee will not be replicable because it was carried out without the consent of the participants that is, the people being tested and therefore it violated their human rights and it was based on one race that is the blacks creating racism conflicts (Brandt, 66). The research was highly criticized and therefore it would be every hard to replicate due to its extent of withholding medicine and also the regulation that are stated out can only allow it if the research follow them to the end. The study of the case of the Tuskegee was unethical. In each field of professionals there are rules that are set to govern the field and the professors in carrying out their duties in this case the medical ethics was not practice and this made it unethical (Brandt, 67-68). The participants in this lab experiment had the medicine to cure the syphilis but instead their withheld it knowingly from the patient and some died a painful death and others suffered from different ailments. Also it was unethical since the researchers did not ask for the consent of the participants instead they gave promises and did not fulfill them and it was racial based research no whites were involved (Brandt, 27). Sociological perspective tries to explain the impacts of the study in our society today; in the case functional perspective is the need for people to be healthy so that the society will function well. The communities in general should provide health centers to be able to treat people in the society. Sociological perspectives presented in Tuskegee syphilis study sociological conflict as the one raising from the study is based on the ethics since the research was against the ethics of research and also human rights (Brandt, 70-71). It disregarded the right of human beings in terms of withholding the medicine from the patients and also the issue of racism in medicine is also a major problem that needs to be eliminated. The distribution of medical resource should be distributed equally. Interactionists focus on how people learn about an illness and also the role of media and others to spread the awareness of the illness. By interacting with one another the severest of any sickness in the society because they will be able to find a cure. References Brandt, Allan M. â€Å"Racism and research: the case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.† Hastings Center Report 8.6 (1978): 21-29. Source document

MGMT458 U3 IP UPS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGMT458 U3 IP UPS - Research Paper Example Internal package involves shipments done outside the USA and it operates in 220 nations (Dennis, 2011). The supply chain and freight wing involve forwarding and contract logistics operations. This involves the design, the execution and freight forwarding to destined places. The operations in this category also involve customs brokerage and customer care. The parcel industry in the American region has grown over the years, especially the freight transport section. The venture was transformed from a private enterprise to a full grown industry. The industry has a high amount of revenue, which surpasses most of the organizations engaging in the same business. The industry constitutes of Airborne, federal express, UPS and USPS.UPS makes the highest revenue per year, $20B, compared to the other carriers (Dennis, 2011). Information on the four carriers is available in the public domain. This enhances smooth flow of documents and other packages. Customers are able to access information on the carriers. This enhances efficiency and effectiveness of the carrier. Three of the four carriers have publicly traded shares, but the USPS is a government agency. Human resource retention is essential in the going concern of an entity. This can be achieved through thorough training of the personnel on the four sections of the parcel service delivery. A mastery of work skills makes employees appreciate their place of work, which will result in low rates of employee turnover. Additionally, the global operation scale will ensure that employees are satisfied with the dynamics of their respective places of

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON SURVEYS OF VALUE-BASED MANAGEMENT Research Paper

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON SURVEYS OF VALUE-BASED MANAGEMENT - Research Paper Example VBM has come to replace them all as a better management technique (Brigham, and Houston, 2009). though there is still something that cannot be taken for granted in any such novelty, i.e. the degree of efficacy in real world business contexts. It’s all the more imperative to consider this sudden spurt of interest in VBM as against profit-based approaches that were hitherto adopted by both small and big companies in order to measure financial performance of the company (Brigham, and Ehrhardt,2007). According to those vociferous critics of the method this annual ritual has had very little success by way of a system of acceptable metrics that truly demonstrated real or discounted cash flows of the company. Such palliatives are to be abandoned now and a more realistic system of metrics based on verifiable and measurable concepts ought to be adopted. It’s here that VBM comes as both a reliable tool and a systematic approach. Capital structure of the firm as divided into equity and debt has been of little significance to an outsider except for an investment consultant and a professional investor because the bewildering system of metrics doesn’t mean anything to the layman. This particular instance of failure associated with many other approaches to management has oft been cited as one of the very sound bases for a new management approach by critics. Thus the concept of VBM has come handy in this context too, owing to the fact that orthodox management approaches are all none too well defined to include performance related dynamics (Copeland, and Dolgoff, 2005). In other words capital must be invested in the business only when its rate of return exceeds the cost of it. Value parameters of VBM are quite well defined to include such variables as tax exemptions on capital investment and the corresponding value gains in alternate investments. Net returns on investment ought to be predictable and therefore uncertainty

Marking Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marking Mix - Essay Example The main challenges are limited distribution facilities and narrow market. This, product diversification has been used to dispose of by-products and to capitalize on a company's research-and-development efforts. In fact, the diversification of a product line has been a basic way of achieving long-term market survival. If one considers the rapid technological advances that are being made and the new products being developed, then diversification does not become an incidental or peripheral activity, but a pivotal activity worthy of vigorous and sustained pursuit. The Temperature Sensors are safe for users, so any ethical or social problems are exist. If the company starts to sell this product in other regions, it should ensure that Temperature Sensors are suitable for different temperature regimes and can be used in countries with severe weather conditions. Also, it is important to product Temperature Sensors with scales and marks on different languages so target population can easily read and understand the product information. Gray leaf spot resistant is a new chemical product aimed to protect vegetation from gray leaf spot disease. This is an improvement of existing products. In this case, attempts to diversify product lines create a risk, for dealer and customer reaction is always uncertain. To some extent, the risk may be reduced through the use of marketing intelligence, as is the case when products that enjoy good differential advantages are discovered. A product- program starts with screening and then consideration of what is to be done to bring a product to the market. Firms may follow a check list that covers various aspects of product introduction, based on a study of trade practices. Product diversification may result in either trading up or trading down. In trading up, the manufacturer adds related items to his line that will sell for an increase in price, whereas trading down is the reverse process. There are two objectives involved in a decision to increase the number of variations in price a nd quality: to gain sales by catering to a new segment of the market, and to gain sales in the existing market by trading up or down (Dobson and Starkey 2004). The main ethical and social concerns are safety of chemicals and effectiveness of the product, environmental and legal compliance. If the company wants to sell this product overseas, it is important to take into account legal regulations and standards applied to chemical products and pesticides in a foreign country. The company should test the product in different environment and ensure it is safe enough for different geographical locations and weather conditions. As markets become more heterogeneous, and diverse products are developed to satisfy them, manufacturing efficiency will decline (Paley, 2006). Ramadan Iftar Box 2 is a revision of the existing product line popular in Lebanon. This product is a reaction to competitor's moves and consist of adjustments of current product lines, or they may involve the development of new products. The former are mainly defensive moves and the latter mainly offensive (Paley, 2006). Most companies use the defensive strategies to improve the profitability of existing lines and develop new products to meet competitors' lines. However, the

Google Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Google Company - Research Paper Example Google follows people-centric strategies that broadly cater to the varying demands of its users and rely on customer satisfaction. It integrates the use of technology with the business processes in order to optimize productivity. Its business strategy is basically focused on providing free access to information to a diverse populace. Advertising is its major source of revenue. Its three key products and services are AdSense, Google App and Android operating system for mobiles that have considerably contributed to its global sales volume and database of customers. AdSense facilitates advertisements for clients for widening their client base and Google App helps to organize personal and professional lives of users and helps them to communicate effectively. Android was launched in 2011 as a mobile-based platform for developing applications for mobiles which is now used by more than 250 million users worldwide (ar, 2012). Its organic culture and decentralized functioning hugely promote i ts business strategy and goals. It facilitates a constant learning environment for its employees and gives them full freedom to experiment with new ideas. They are highly driven by ethical standard, motivation to innovate and share knowledge across its various stakeholders and shareholders. Google not only offers huge opportunities for growth for its workforce but also for its customers to expand their business interests across the globe. Its state of the art research team is relentlessly working towards the development of creative products.... sements for clients for widening their client base and Google App helps to organize personal and professional lives of users and helps them to communicate effectively. Android was launched in 2011 as mobile-based platform for developing applications for mobiles which is now used by more than 250 million users worldwide (ar, 2012) Its organic culture and decentralized functioning hugely promote its business strategy and goals. It facilitates a constant learning environment for its employees and gives them full freedom to experiment with new ideas. They are highly driven by ethical standard, motivation to innovate and share knowledge across its various stakeholders and shareholders. Google not only offers huge opportunities of growth for its workforce but also for its customers to expand their business interests across the globe. Its state of the art research team is relentlessly working towards development of creative products and services to improve and improvise user experience and meet the challenges of time. Personal opinion With offices in more than 50 countries and providing services in more than 100 languages, I believe that Google has been successful in its mission of providing people with access to critical information cutting across age, gender, class, race, culture and border. Its global values and credibility of well-researched database helps its users to meet their demands timely and efficiently. Its applications and AdSense are very useful for small business, entrepreneurs and corporate houses for advertising business products and services across wider database of customers. They are important mechanisms of exploiting new opportunities of personal and professional growth. Their cloud based applications have also emerged as vital platforms for storing

Greek Classicism And Hellenism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greek Classicism And Hellenism - Assignment Example Greek sculptures of the human figure are further characterized by the harmonious and balanced anatomical proportions as featured via Polycleitos' "The Doryphorus" dated c. 450 – 480 B.C. as well as Myron's "Discobolus" inc. 450 B.C. Inform and style, sculpted Greek monuments and articles chiefly featured three-dimensional volumes of structures which bear real human shape in bust, torso, arm, limb, and facial detail. Moreover, construction of nude statues back then was widely prevalent as Greeks signified nudity to symbolize heroism, status, and defeat among males and through Praxiteles’ â€Å"Aphrodite of Cnidus†, however, the nudity of the female goddess conveys her divine birth from the sea and eternal youth. Define the Hellenistic Style. List the characteristics. Give at least one example from the textbook. In general, the Hellenistic Style projected stylistic evolution rendered upon a rich variety of subject matter whereby the artists in the era of Hellenism sought to become more flexible and innovative in their treatment of the core object of the piece. Hellenistic schemes of art may be observed to have focused on the historical setting or significant occurrence believed to reflect the role or identity of the figure designated in it. Rather than drawing the audience’s attention toward the countenance of the image, a Hellenistic work is able to captivate sights into the entire scene as though it is bound to come to life to communicate a particularly interesting narrative.... enistic work is able to captivate sights into the entire scene as though it is bound to come to life to communicate a particular interesting narrative. One who then looks at the piece would necessarily look into all that comprised it including the orientation of objects in space and what might facial expressions mean in the given context. â€Å"Laocoon and His Two Sons† in 1st century B.C.E. (p. 92) and â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† c. 190 B.C.E. (p. 92) are two of the prominent works by which the concept of Hellenism may be recognized via the intensity of emotion evoked, whether emerging out of tragedy, triumph, passion, or other sources that elicit strong reactions. (3) Why is the Parthenon considered an important achievement in the history of architecture? Besides the fact that the Parthenon is a temple dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, its conventions of design bore the intriguing aspect of its being tailored to become an â€Å"optical illusion†. To normal s ight, the Parthenon would appear to consist of straight lines, in truth however, every surface of it was carved for the edges to exhibit plain yet astounding linear perspective. Having been built in the time and rule of Pericles, hailed as one of the greatest Athenian statesmen of all time and Father of Democracy who had the Parthenon established with a vision of making Athens the center of Greek world, the architecture and engineering constituting the columnar temple took years and hundreds of craftsmen to be conducted such that it could withstand huge historical challenges. It has stood to this day, despite ruins, at the heart of the Acropolis to be viewed and studied based on the paradigm of classical architecture. (4) What factors contributed to Pax Romana (â€Å"Roman Peace†)? Pax Romana being a long period

Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heritage - Essay Example The repairs, alterations and exterior modifications protected the heritage values of the hall. This concept paper seeks to show the historical significance of Petone Labour Hall and the continued importance and identity to the community heritage despite its conversion into mainly a cinema hall. Under the severance, it is identified by the Map Number B5 on location 52 Bay Street, formally refered to as Petone Labour Hall and the legal description is Lot 70 DP 51.The building was constructed using bricks and reinforced with concrete. It comprises a large hall, a stage and a smaller lecture room located at the back. The Light House that is run in partnership with Upper Hut’s luxury 40-seat art house cinema has two theatres where unlike other theatres popcorn is prohibited (Leach et al n.pg). The special features in the Light house include the proposed insulation controls sound effects. The Light House is designed to screen movies that appeal to a larger and wider audience than those in the big chain multiplexes. Alongside the two theatres there are licensed coffee shops. The building was used mainly for entertainment purposes and now that it is a cinema hall, it does not mean it serves a different purpose. However, this preserved the building’s heritage value an d also restored its role as a community entertainment center (Leach and Moulis n.pg). The new face of the building has different accessibility levels from the ground, as well as, the ticketing area and the coffee shops. There are five cinemas access levels from the ground and in every level there are seats set aside for people with disabilities. For example, there are hearing loop for sound transmits directly to the hearing aid for individuals with hearing impairments. It also has an infrared system that consists of listening receiver and a transmitter. This feeds sound into the transmitter then to the individual

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Summary - Assignment Example The government advocated socialist ideologies but which however could not be marketed on the global market since these did not appeal to the post modern types of films. It is for this reason that the Fifth Generation films took a radical approach in their development and could be viewed as rebellious. Though they were banned on the domestic market, they received significant appreciation on the global market. The fifth generation films specifically moved from a usual Chinese Kung fu movie towards depicting a disintegrating socialist background. This is illustrated in the film tilted (Platform 2000) which shows the successful troupe of cultural workers from Fenyang to the countryside. The other issue is that Jia’s films are primarily concerned with portraying a sociological perspective with regard to the social problems caused by the Chinese development. For instance, the films focused on issues such as destruction of the environment, neighborhood s as well as the destruction of families as some of the problems caused by contemporary Chinese development. Jia also incorporated pop music in his films as a form of entertainment given that his childhood was characterised by complete lack of entertainment. The arrival of Japanese pop music and Hollywood films had a liberating effect since these revolutionized the Chinese film. The other issue that characterized Jia’s films is tha t he was concerned about portraying reality through the camera. The sixth generation on the other hand not only rejected the metaphysical image of China but reflected a polarized society. However, the sixth generation film is of the view that a paradigm transformation about the way the camera portrays reality should be confronted and all the contradictions should be captured. For instance, xiancheng is is a true reflection of socialist industrialization failure. This has in fact led to cultural poverty as depicted in Jia’s films. The

Masi Tupangato project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Masi Tupangato project - Essay Example In relation to the increasing pace of the global business environment, it is highly essential for an organisation to develop a well-built structure to effectively operate its various practices. An appropriate structure of an organisation is one of the vital factors to attain substantial benefits as the aspect provides effective coordination between the organisational processes and enables it to accomplish the determined goals (Massa & Zhang, 2010). With relation to the management process concerning the Masi Tupungato project, building effective project team can be identified as one of the major and initial decisions which can facilitate the accomplishment of each phase of the project implementation plan in a more efficient way in terms of cost efficiency, time effectiveness and quality assurance. Notably, as the company intends to manufacture wine following the native procedure in the Venetian regions, its organisational structure and project team should involve professionals who are highly skilled and aware of the rudiments of such winemaking culture. With this concern, the organisational structure of the project shall involve authoritative bodies from Masi who would be responsible to direct the entire process of wine manufacturing and warehousing for the export functions. This particular group of professionals will also be responsible to direct the skilled and trained personnel in the Tupungato region. Additionally, the required numbers of staff and labourers will be hired from the Tupungato valley. and the surrounding

Development from birth †19 years Essay Example for Free

Development from birth – 19 years Essay The guide below explains what you might expect from the development of the child through various ages: Physical development: this refers to the body increasing in ability and functionality and comprises of gross motor skills (using large muscles) with movement in their legs and arms whilst also developing fine motor skills (precise use of muscles) such as the movement of fingers and toes. New born babies will lie on their backs with their head held to one side yet turn their head looking for a teat or nipple. They will have primitive reflexes such as swallowing, rooting, grasping, stepping and sucking. By 1 month old head control will be still be unsteady, and their hands will be in tight fists. Babies will grasp at objects that have touched the palm of their hands. they may turn their heads and eyes in unison and smile at familiar faces, smells or sounds, they also like to observe the face of adults at feeding time. At 3 months old they can hold a small object such as a rattle for a few seconds if placed in their hand and enjoys observing movements of their own hands and play with them, kicking their legs and waving arms. They can lift their head and turn when placed on their front. At 4 months they will use their arms to support themselves when laying on their stomachs and can turn from their back to their side. They will hold onto and shake small objects. They will, with support start sitting and will gradually sit unaided by 6 months. They will raise their hands in anticipation of being lifted. At 6 months they will roll over and push their head and chest off the floor when placed on their front. Their hand grasp is more prevalent with whole hand use to pass an object from one hand to the next. At 9 months they will start to move around either by crawling or shuffling and are able to sit alone without the need of support. They will reach out for toys when sitting and poke at small items with their index finger. They will use index and middle fingers along with their thumb in a pincer grip to hold onto small objects and will take and hold a small brick in each hand. They will lift a block but are only capable of releasing it by dropping. If a young baby is held upright they will try to make stepping movements on a firm surface. They will be startled by sudden sounds or bright lights. When hungry, in pain, need changing or comforting they will cry. In their first year they will start to move around either by crawling or shuffling and eventually try to start walking with support. They will start to demonstrate hand inclination and pick up small objects using a tidy pincer grip. They enjoy have the ability to feed themselves and will enjoy doing so, holding cups with assistance. They can click 2 cubes together and put cubes into a box after first being shown had to do so. They can understand the world around them and know who their main carers are and may possibly cry when left with someone they are not familiar with. They will wave goodbye and point at things with their fingers. At 18 months they will clumsily hold a pencil or crayon and try to write with it and use their hands skilfully to arrange and move small objects,dropping things onto the floor whilst looking to see where they are. They can walk downstairs with a held hand and push or pull toys when walking. They can now walk alone and will try to kick, throw and roll a ball. They can turn handles and pull off their shoes, they can use a spoon and hold objects with a delicate pincer grip. They can squat to pick up an object from the floor and will assist with dressing/undressing. By 24 months children can walk up and down the stairs using both feet on each step and will climb onto furniture. They can put their own shoes on and start to use their favourite hand. At 3 years old they can draw dots and circles and build a tower with 6 bricks. They can climb, run and pedal a tricycle, jump from small steps and walk upstairs on alternate feet whilst also being able to walk on tiptoe, they can also kick a ball confidently. They will be able to use the toilet alone, undo buttons and thread large beads. They will clumsily hold a pencil or crayon and try to write with it enjoying painting and drawing activities and are capable of drawing a face. They will also enjoy reading books and having stories read to them, turning single pages in the book. They can build towers with up to 9 bricks and bridges with the bricks when shown. At 4 years old they can walk backwards following a line, run, hop throw, aim and catch a large ball. They can using scissors cut around an object and is able to copy a picture of a square. They can construct a large tower, do a 12 piece jigsaw and button/unbutton their clothes. They are now capable of brushing their own teeth. At the age of 5 years they can skip, run quickly, hit a ball with a bat. They can dress/undress themselves with ease, precisely use scissors and form letters whilst writing their own name. They will draw a person with a body, head and legs and a house. They can complete a 20 piece jigsaw. Between the ages of 6 7 years children will enjoy are now capable of hopping, skating roller blading, skateboarding and bike riding. They can balance on a wall or beam, build complex models and have finer control of constructing bricks, jigsaws etc. The can tie/untie laces and sew simple stitches. They will be able to do detailed drawings and take control of their pencil in a small area. Between 8 12 years they will greatly improve on their physical skills that are already acquired. Puberty will start at around 10 years old for girls with an increase in body strength and a sudden growth spurt. Through the ages of 13 19 years a child/young adults brains development will increase in line with their co-ordination and reaction times. For girls by the age of 14 puberty will be complete and periods will be starting whereas with boys puberty will be between the ages of 13 – 16 years and they will become physically stronger than girls. Social and emotional development: this refers to the development of the childs own identity and self image. Some may want to start doing things for themselves and become more independent. They will develop a sense of their own identity. Learning to live in a family unit and with others in society is a vital part of development in which will be contributed by friends and family. In the initial few months babies will recognise familiar voices and faces, they will try to people please and bay for attention by performing for their audience through laughter and giggles. They will enjoy playing games with others such as peek a boo. From birth to 4 weeks a baby will respond unequivocally to the main carer whilst imitating facial expressions. They will stare at shiny, bright objects At 1 month old they will look intently at carers and social smile for them by 6 weeks old. 4 months old they will try and captivate their carers attention by smiling and vocally. 6 months old they become fascinated with other babies and smile at them. They will interact differently to a variety of family members and begin to seek attention. They become more enamoured in social interaction, dependent on his/her personality and time spent with other children. They may use a comfort object such as a blanket or teddy and display a fear of strangers and separation anxieties when without the main carer. By 9 months old they recognise familiar and unfamiliar faces whilst showing stranger anxiety. They are now very curious in all around them. At 1 year old they become more demanding, emotionally temperamental and assertive. Temper tantrums may begin and they may become despondent about changes to their normal schedule. They may express their anger at being told not to do something and start to develop object continuity. They will begin to play alone. They can now distinguish between themselves and others and is aware of the emotions of other individuals yet still self obsessed with regards to their own view of the world. By 18 months they will show signs of stranger shyness and have tantrums when upset often know as the terrible twos They have trouble understanding the concept of sharing and believe that everything is mine They dislike changes to their routine and can be very selfish. They should now start toilet training. At 2 years old they are still reluctant to share but enjoy the company of other children and may show concern if another child becomes upset. They remain self important are starting to become emotionally stable yet still inclined to sudden mood swings. They know their own identity and are learning to have short periods of time separated from their carers such as attending nursery. At 3 years of age they become more confident and self motivated and have a greater social awareness. They may worry about not fitting in or being liked. They will play alongside others and in 2s or 3s, sharing ideas and being friendly to other children. They may also have best friends. They feel stable and emotionally secure and are less anxious with regards to separation. They are becoming more independent but still need the support and guidance of adults and may fear the loss of a carer. They begin to recognise themselves as an individual. They have a strong sense gender identity. Moral development does not normally occur until a child reaches the age of 3. By 4 years old children enjoy role play and dressing up activities. They start to take turns and respond to reasoning whilst enjoying their independence still need reassurance and encouragement. They understand united and competitive events. At 5 years of age they become absorbed in activities and have a positive sense of self awareness. They become concerned about fitting in and being liked. They establish a fear of the unknown such as monsters under the bed or ghosts. Between the ages of 6 – 7 years children to form stable friendships and are very sympathetic of the other persons needs. They tend to play in separate sex groups. They are fairly self-assured and independent with an increased sense of integrity. Friendships become vital between the ages of 8 – 12 years and are mainly same sex friendships. They are anxious of how others view them and are often hesitant with regards to changes. Between the ages of 13 – 19 years puberty and body changes along with a surge in hormones can disrupt self esteem, they may want to spend more time with friends rather than with their family. They may bow to peer pressure but may also become more self assured with regards to changes in surroundings. They need to determine transitions into adulthood. Intellectual development: These are the learning skills of concentration, understanding and memory. This area of development is greatly influenced by the learning practices a child has. They may imitate others and try to find ways of behaving in play. New born babies will stare intently at their carer and cry when a basic need requires consideration. Their head and eyes will turn towards soft light and blink in reaction to bright ones. At 1 month old they will stare and follow the direction of a dangling ball whilst gazing intently at soft lights. At 3 months they track movements of both small and large objects. At 6 months old they can automatically fix their sight onto small objects nearby and reach out to hold them. They are inquisitive and become readily distracted by movements. They will watch objects fall when in range of their vision. They like to put everything into their mouth. At 9 months they will look towards the direction of falling objects. At 12 months of age they will drop objects purposely whilst watching them fall (casting) Should an object roll out of vision they will look correctly to the area it has gone to. They can distinguish familiar individuals up to 6 metres away. They begin to point at objects of interest outside at the age of 18 months and build towers of 3 cubes when first demonstrated to. They will turn pages in books although may be several at a time rather than singular, relish picture books and point to named characters and objects. They will point to various basic parts of the body. From 3 years of age they will match 2 or 3 primary colours and paint with large brushes and make basic cuts with scissors. They can copy crosses and circles and draw a person with a head. By 5 years they are capable of copying squares and a range of letters, often done with a degree of spontaneity. They can now draw a person with a body, head, arms, legs and certain aspects. They can also draw a house. Pictures will be coloured methodically. They can now name primary colours and match 10 or more of them. They can duplicate symbols, numbers and letters and can decipher between lighter and heavier objects. They understand positioning of behind, next to and in front of. They can rote count up to 20 and know the time of day for basic activities such as school time, bedtime etc. By 6 years of age they are attaining the ability to write some words freely and copy others. They can read basic books sight reading 10 or more words. They can count up to 100 and understand the concept of half and whole. They know when it is their birthday and can predict events that are happening next. Paintings and drawings are now more intricate and sophisticated. Between the ages of 6 – 8 years they develop the capability of thinking about several things at once and comprehend the use of symbols in writing and maths etc. They are more inquisitive to the workings of his/her surroundings. They enjoy participating in games and understand rules. Between 8 – 12 years they are increasingly favouring certain subjects and apply reasoning and logic to certain issues. They can read and write with confidence and are becoming more creative in their play. They learn to transfer the knowledge gained from one situation and use it productively in the next task. Ages 13 – 19 years they develop the ability to think more complexly and will query sources of information. They are becoming more aware of global activities and occurrences. They will have a clear inclination for arts and sciences. Options with regards to their future employment and further education are being explored. Communication and speech development Non verbal communication is as vital to children as it is to adults. In fact children are more likely to use it than adults. Speech is a characteristic of development that can alter greatly without any association to other developmental bearing or to the childs intellectual being. Pre-linguistic is the term given to the stage up to approximately 12 months when a child is beginning to say its first words. Linguistic is the descriptive term given to words with meaning. Pre-linguistic stage Birth to 4 weeks a baby will cry when its basic needs are not being met i.e. hungry, needs changing, emotionally distressed. At 1 month old a baby may stop crying at the sound of a human voice (unless distraught) freeze when a sound is played near to their ear, moving their head towards the sound. Coos in reaction to their carers voice. At 3 months old a baby becomes silent and will turn its head towards the noise of a rattle nearby and make vocal sounds when being spoken to or are alone. When 6 months old they will giggle and shriek loudly during play. They respond variably to different tones of voices. They make baby vowel sounds such as goo ga ga and aah-aah They begin to react to sounds that are out of vision with the appropriate visual response. Babies will shout for attention from 9 months and vocalises for a connection. They will begin to use dual syllable words such as baba mam-mam and dad-dad They duplicate adult vocal sounds like lip smacking or coughing. They can comprehend the meaning of no and bye-bye. They will have an instantaneous reaction to to a hearing test performed out of vision and behind the baby. At 1 years of age a baby will know its own name and can perceive roughly 20 words in context. They can comprehend simple messages for example close your eyes, clap hands. They will use gibberish in conversation form with majority vowel sounds. Linguistic stage 12 – 18 months, babies will use between 6 – 20 recognisable words as their first words and can understand much more of what is spoken to them. They will reverberate leading or last words in sentences. They will try to affiliate themselves in nursery rhymes and respond appropriately to simple instructions such as pick up your toy or pass me your cup At 18 – 24 months they begin to make basic 2 word sentences and can use more than 200 words by the age of 2 years old. Their speech will be telegraphic in that they will use key vital words but may miss out connective ones. They will refer to their own name and talk to themselves during play themed activities. Between the ages of 2 – 3 years they have a increasing expanse of dialect including plurals. They can participate in simple conversations and enjoy the repetitiveness of the their favourite stories being re told. They can now rote count to 10. Between 3 – 4 years their speech will understood by strangers and can form short, grammatically accurate sentences. Although they may still make errors of tenses they now begin to ask many questions such as why? who? and how? They can name parts of their body and also name animals. Between the years of 4 – 8 speech is more fluent and precise, they will use a more expressive language. They can inform you of their full name, address and birthday and will enjoy jokes, songs and rhymes etc. They have a increasing expanse of vocabulary – 5,000 words by the age of 5. They will recognise when an unfamiliar word is used and will question the meaning of it and can imitate correctly accents that they have heard. They can form most sounds with some residual trouble at some letter groups. From 8 years onwards the majority of children are fluent speakers, writers and readers off their own language with the enhanced use of peer influenced, de coded speech. With the autistic child I work along side I follow the guidelines of P Levels which is a programme that gives me information on the varying categories of the developmental processs. I then can record each and every stage my autistic pupil is at and refer to what his expectations are and also via his Individual Educational Learning Plan (IEP)

Cloud Computing Service Level Agreement and Governance

Cloud Computing Service Level Agreement and Governance Service Level Agreement and Governance for Cloud Computing The contractual side of a service level agreement (SLA) and governance for cloud computing Ali Raslan Abstract In the world of information technology (IT), cloud computing has been the futuristic concept of modern computing for the last decade or more. Nevertheless, in the last few years this concept has become the mainstream. However, with the entire buzz and the evolutionary techniques the information technology companies developing and implementing, many overwhelming issues like interoperability, insecurity, and accessibility represents some of the most anticipated questions every decision maker has to consider before signing the contract of a Cloud Service agreement document. In addition to that, one key issue for every organization trying to make the big move to the world of cloud computing, is to provide governance for data that it no longer directly controls. During this research, I will try to illustrate and point the main ideas and practices of the contractual side of a service level agreement (SLA) and governance for cloud computing by trying to highlight a set of guidelines to help and assist organization in defining and constraining the governance plans for data they are willing to move into the cloud. Keywords: cloud computing, SLA, IT, contract, agreement, constraining. Word count: 4000 words. Introduction Cloud computing is the new era of internet evolution, where this term usually refers to everything involves delivering hosted services and data over the internet to companies, individuals and even other computing systems. The idea of cloud computing started in 1950s when large-scale mainframes made available to schools and corporations (James, 2013). Few decades later, this concept started to become more alive by adopting this concept by some of the major technological companies like Google, Amazon and Microsoft where commercial cloud computing started to take place in the market. This new technology developed through a number of phases, this includes Software as a Service (SaaS), Grid and Utility Computing (GaUC), Application Service Provision (ASP) (Arif, 2014). Nevertheless, through the development of this concept, many issues and uncertainties like security, interoperability, vendor lock-in, and compliance were arising against adopting this technology (North Bridge, 2013). These problems are familiar even with the traditional Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO), and these issues usually treated at the agreement level between the service provider and the customer. Cloud Computing Definitions The National Institute Of Standards And Technology NIST Definition of Cloud Computing â€Å"Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models.† (Peter Mell, 2011). Moreover, in his book The Big Switch: Rewiring the World from Edison to Google by Nicholas Carr, hundred years from now, the modern era of power grid has begun when corporations started to join the power grid leaving behind the traditional power generator systems every company used to have in order to satisfy the company’s need for electricity. This big transformation at that time is very similar to today’s switching from traditiona l computing and data handling to the cloud. Where with all the unusual concepts and worries about the security, actual data place and the stability of the services provided, companies will soon realize the emerging markets and services Cloud Computing can offer. The main motivation behind Cloud computing mostly represented by the benefits this technology can offer for its clients. Where features like ‘Service on Demand’, usually with a ‘pay as you go’ billing system and factors like the highly abstracted and shared resources, the instantaneous provisioning and scalability makes cloud computing the next power grid transformation. Risks and Issues On the other hand, despite all the mentioned benefits and features cloud computing can offer, it has been realized that there are limits to the acceptance of cloud computing among enterprise companies, because of the level of complexity and dependability these service might become. Moreover, the data governance issues related to this technology represents some of the main difficulties the cloud computing market is facing right now. The European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA) defines that the client responsibility of data governance is similar to the service provider responsibility in case of any data lose or corruption (Catteddu, 2009). Thus because customer should be aware of the risks that might imply by using this technology, and to encourage these companies to investigate farther in finding a more reliable providers. In addition to that, farther risks might imply to any cloud computing environment, such as hacking attacks or unauthorized access to the actual phys ical data locations. The Journal of Information Technology Management categorized this type of attacks in three main categories: Attacks targets hosted application under a SaaS environment. Attacks through the trusted network connection. This can be done from the customer side to the provider or from the provider side to the customer environment. Attacks targets hosted server under a PaaS or IaaS environment. (Cochran Witman, 2011) Cloud Computing Governance Components In the Information Technology Outsourcing, describing the product or the service specifications to be delivered are usually drafted via a contract is in the form of Service Level Agreement (SLA), this agreement defines the all the important and legal parts of the service between the service provider and the service recipients. The same concept can be implemented with the cloud computing, since most of the main agreement parts involves providing an information technology service. However, cloud computing includes many different ideas and concepts, where in cloud computing agreement the service have to treat different concepts and behaviors like unknown data physical location, rapid scaling, lower IT upfront, and even different way of paying for the service such as monthly or annual subscriptions. In addition to that, in a cloud environment, usually the services are hosted and owned by a separate party. Where in most cases the owner of the application can be different from the owner of the server (Cochran Witman, 2011). Nondisclosure and Confidentiality Agreements These two terms are used in many other areas and through all types in contracts, agreements and forms, but the basic understanding of those two terms refers to the confidentiality of the agreement in general. Therefore, at the level of a service level agreement, a nondisclosure agreement usually means a confidential agreement. Margaret Rouse in her article about Nondisclosure Agreements she defines NDA as â€Å"A non-disclosure agreement (NDA) is a signed formal agreement in which one party agrees to give a second party confidential information about its business or products and the second party agrees not to share this information with anyone else for a specified period of time.† (Margaret, 2005). Similarly, David V. Radack in his article Understanding Confidentiality Agreements, he defines confidential agreement as â€Å"Confidentiality agreements, are contracts entered into by two or more parties in which some or all of the parties agree that certain types of information t hat pass from one party to the other or that are created by one of the parties will remain confidential.† (David, 2014). From the two provided definitions, we can see that a confidential or nondisclosure agreement force all participated parties to protect and never disclose any of the information passed between the parties while building the service. Legal location In general, the actual physical location of the server or the data in a Cloud Computing environment is not important from the technical point of view. However, from a legal point of view a Service Level Agreement requires clearly identifying the actual location of the servers handling the data and services. Thus in case of a security breach from the provider side, punishments or penalties could be issued through the provider’s local authority. For that reason, if the breach resulted the data to be moved into an offshores location, the local government regulations might have no effects towards that (Steele 2010). On the other hand, a civil case could be issued in the right of the vendor or attacker in case of such risks. For that reason, defining the legal location is very important in a service level agreement because it represents a legal cover to the actual data that might get stolen or destroyed. The Restrictions of a Software License Software License Restrictions is a very imperative factor in any Software License Agreement because it might affect the main tasks of the whole system in case of storing on an unknown devices or servers. This might occurs because sometimes software license might get violated when stored or hosted via remote hardware infrastructure. This issue might results a side effects like not being able to run the system as a whole or a part because software licenses might have a security features at the level of linking the software to a special machine MAC address or a processor serial number. User based exposures User based exposures might occurs when an end user posts some data in a secure interface or website in the system, after submitting the data to the main data server, the data might get through a third party communication systems or servers. During this stage, a security breach might occurs were data can be lost, stolen or disclosed. At this level, the Service Level Agreement investigates what administrators at this level have access to during the transmission stage. This point might cover different types and techniques for encrypting the data, or include the third party providers in the agreement to insure the security and safety of the data. Communicating With Remote Networks and Services. The system’s integration and incorporation with the cloud software as a service is one the most important factors any cloud based services have to offer for any system. However, integrating these services with the organization’s internal system sometimes means giving these services the possibility to become a part of the internal system. This can be an issue concerning the security the internal system. Mathias Thurman in his article Tightening Up SaaS Security, discusses how these concerns increase when the security of the SaaS is unidentified or unknown. Basically because when integrating the internal system with the SaaS, the SaaS network becomes a part of the internal system, and when reaching this level of integration, any attacks of security failures from the side of the SaaS provider well results the local network to be at risk too (Mathias, 2010). Cloud Service Level Agreement Components Service Level Agreement Template To illustrate the main parts and layout of a Service Level Agreement in a cloud-computing environment, in the following template we can see the main parts, layout, and definitions of the Service Level Agreement content, made by SLATemplate.com. Certainly, a Service Level Agreement can includes hundreds of pages describing every single specification. However, for the sake of illustrating the sample main part of the agreement we have the following template represents the most important parts of an SLA for a Cloud Computing system. Service Level Agreement (SLA) for Customer by Company name Effective Date: 10-08-2010 Version Approval (By signing below, all Approvers agree to all terms and conditions outlined in this Agreement.) Table of Contents 1. Agreement Overview 2. Goals Objectives 3. Stakeholders 4. Periodic Review 5. Service Agreement 1. Agreement Overview This Agreement represents a Service Level Agreement (â€Å"SLA† or â€Å"Agreement†) between Company name. and Customer for the provisioning of IT services required to support and sustain the Product or service. This Agreement remains valid until superseded by a revised agreement mutually endorsed by the stakeholders. This Agreement outlines the parameters of all IT services covered as they are mutually understood by the primary stakeholders. This Agreement does not supersede current processes and procedures unless explicitly stated herein. 2. Goals Objectives The purpose of this Agreement is to ensure that the proper elements and commitments are in place to provide consistent IT service support and delivery to the Customer(s) by the Service Provider(s). The goal of this Agreement is to obtain mutual agreement for IT service provision between the Service Provider(s) and Customer(s). The objectives of this Agreement are to: Provide clear reference to service ownership, accountability, roles and/or responsibilities. Present a clear, concise and measurable description of service provision to the customer. Match perceptions of expected service provision with actual service support delivery. 3. Stakeholders The following Service Provider(s) and Customer(s) will be used as the basis of the Agreement and represent the primary stakeholders associated with this SLA: IT Service Provider(s): Company name. (â€Å"Provider†) IT Customer(s): Customer (â€Å"Customer†) 4. Periodic Review This Agreement is valid from the Effective Date outlined herein and is valid until further notice. This Agreement should be reviewed at a minimum once per fiscal year; however, in lieu of a review during any period specified, the current Agreement will remain in effect. The Business Relationship Manager (â€Å"Document Owner†) is responsible for facilitating regular reviews of this document. Contents of this document may be amended as required, provided mutual agreement is obtained from the primary stakeholders and communicated to all affected parties. The Document Owner will incorporate all subsequent revisions and obtain mutual agreements / approvals as required. Business Relationship Manager: Company name Review Period: Bi-Yearly (6 months) Previous Review Date: 01-08-2010 Next Review Date: 01-12-2011 5. Service Agreement The following detailed service parameters are the responsibility of the Service Provider in the ongoing support of this Agreement. 5.1. Service Scope The following Services are covered by this Agreement; o Manned telephone support o Monitored email support o Remote assistance using Remote Desktop and a Virtual Private Network where available Planned or Emergency Onsite assistance (extra costs apply) Monthly system health check 5.2. Customer Requirements Customer responsibilities and/or requirements in support of this Agreement include: Payment for all support costs at the agreed interval. Reasonable availability of customer representative(s) when resolving a service related incident or request. 5.3. Service Provider Requirements Service Provider responsibilities and/or requirements in support of this Agreement include: Meeting response times associated with service related incidents. Appropriate notification to Customer for all scheduled maintenance. 5.4. Service Assumptions Assumptions related to in-scope services and/or components include: Changes to services will be communicated and documented to all stakeholders. 6. Service Management Effective support of in-scope services is a result of maintaining consistent service levels. The following sections provide relevant details on service availability, monitoring of in-scope services and related components. 6.1. Service Availability Coverage parameters specific to the service(s) covered in this Agreement are as follows: Telephone support : 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Monday – Friday Calls received out of office hours will be forwarded to a mobile phone and best efforts will be made to answer / action the call, however there will be a backup answer phone service Email support: Monitored 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Monday – Friday Emails received outside of office hours will be collected, however no action can be guaranteed until the next working day Onsite assistance guaranteed within 72 hours during the business week 6.2. Service Requests In support of services outlined in this Agreement, the Service Provider will respond to service related incidents and/or requests submitted by the Customer within the following time frames: 0-8 hours (during business hours) for issues classified as High priority. Within 48 hours for issues classified as Medium priority. Within 5 working days for issues classified as Low priority. Remote assistance will be provided in-line with the above timescales dependent on the priority of the support request. â€Å"(SLA template, 2010) References Carr, N. G., January 2008. The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, from Edison to Google. s.l.:s.n. COCHRAN, M. WITMAN, P. D., 2011. GOVERNANCE AND SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT ISSUES IN A CLOUD COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT. Journal of Information Technology Management Volume XXII, Number 2, pp. 41-55. Peter Mell, T. G., 2011. The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing. [Online] Available at: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf Arif Mohamed, A history of cloud computing. 2014. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/A-history-of-cloud-computing. [Accessed 5 March 2014]. James, A Brief History of Cloud Computing | SoftLayer Blog. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://blog.softlayer.com/2013/virtual-magic-the-cloud. [Accessed 10 March 2014]. North Bridge, 2013 Cloud Computing Survey | North Bridge. 2014. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.northbridge.com/2013-cloud-computing-survey. [Accessed 11 May 2014]. Peter Mell. The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing 2011. [ONLINE] Available at: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf. [Accessed 11 May 2014]. Catteddu, D. and G. Hogben, Cloud Computing Benefits, risks and recommendations for information security 2009, European Network and Information Security Agency: Heraklion, Crete, Greece. 125 pp. Margaret Rouse, What is non-disclosure agreement (NDA)? Definition from WhatIs.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/non-disclosure-agreement. [Accessed 11 May 2014]. David V. Radack, Understanding Confidentiality Agreements. 2014. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/matters/matters-9405.html. [Accessed 11 May 2014]. Steele, C., City of Monrovia, California, personal communication, 2010. Mathias Thurman, Tightening Up SaaS Security Computerworld. 2010. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/352873/Tightening_Up_SaaS_Security. [Accessed 11 May 2014]. SLATeamplate.com, Service Level Agreement Template (SLA). 2010. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.slatemplate.com/. [Accessed 11 May 2014].

‘Animal Farm’ Shelley’s ‘The Mask of Anarchy

‘Animal Farm’ Shelley’s ‘The Mask of Anarchy How is the theme of Oppression represented across the three texts studied? Oppression is a theme at the centre of George Orwell’s ‘Animal Farm’ and Percy Shelley’s ‘The Mask of Anarchy’. The unjust and cruel treatment of unsuspecting masses by figures of authority is clearly identified as a problem in society for both authors. The theme of oppression presents itself through character representations, emotive language and the concept of inertia. Within Jean Genet’s ‘The Balcony’ these issues are also apparent helping to reveal the need for reform and revolution. Throughout all three texts, the theme of oppression is expressed through the break down in law and order, causing devastation and the subsequent oppression of the proletarian masses. The Russian Revolution parallels Orwell’s ‘Animal Farm’ through many aspects. The fable, written in 1945, is seen to be based on his opinion of events during the revolution such as the removal of the Tsar, the Russian dictatorship and the economic and social hardship that the proletarians had to endure. It’s important to understand Orwell’s contextual influences as this forms the basis of his novel. Chapter one commences with Mr Jones who â€Å"was too drunk to shut the pop-holes† to the hen-houses. This initial introduction to his character reveals his apathy towards his farm. By using â€Å"drunk† it infers that Mr Jones can’t live up to his responsibilities and consequently is drowning his sorrows by intoxicating himself in order to forget about his situation. Contextually, this drunkenness can be seen as Orwell’s parallel with the Tsar and his treatment of the Russian proletarians. Before his removal from power in 1917 the Tsar was unable to successfully rule and consequently this affected the citizens as they didn’t receive the basic resources that any person needs to survive. Undoubtedly, Orwell wanted to show this disregard for responsibility through Mr Jones as he was the owner of the farm and held the same responsibilities for his animals as the Tsar did for his people. One of the main grievances of society in Russia was his approach to the farming economy. He failed to upgrade the out of date farming system which allowed the peasants to be controlled by the rich land owners. Freedom of speech within Russia was highly restricted and during 1916 a raise in taxes caused the people to become desolate and poor. This mirrors the situation of the animals on the farm as without food the animals would struggle to survive demonstrating Orwell’s disgust at how the Tsar oppressed his people. Similar to Orwell’s animosity at the events that occurred in Russia, Percy Shelley mirrors the outrage of the English people in response to the Peterloo Massacre during 1819. Many innocent victims were murdered for protesting for a reform of parliamentary representations and Shelley demonstrates this injustice in his poem ‘The Mask of Anarchy’. The first stanza opens with â€Å"As I lay asleep in Italy there came a voice from over sea† informing him about the massacre. With the events taking place in Manchester and the Narrator speaking from Italy, it reveals how enraged Shelley felt about the event. It is significant that the â€Å"voice† reached him in Italy as it confirms the extent of public outcry with the news of a massacre reaching across the world. The injustice of these people remains the featured tone throughout the poem and their oppression becomes the main focus for a reader. Old major is used by Orwell to demonstrate the need for change and revolution due to oppression. Contextually this character can be seen as a parallel to the Communist Marxist, Karl Marx. Communism is the ideology that everyone should work for the good of the country and in turn profit equally from their hard labour. In retaliation to Mr Jones’ mistreatment of his animals Old Major decides to promote a revolution and overthrow their oppressor. He tells the animals that their â€Å"lives are miserable, laborious and short’. The rule of three is deliberately used by Orwell in order to convey the extent of their oppression. These emotive words are not what we would usually associate with life. â€Å"Miserable† suggesting that the animals are fed up and tired of life under Mr Jones because when someone’s miserable they have become tiresome of demoralising events or actions. â€Å"Laborious† infers that the work they do for the farm is not enjoyable any more and they aren’t reaping the rewards of their hard work. Their lives are then deemed to be â€Å"short† which implies that they are over worked and will not live to their full life expectancy due to the terrible conditions they are forced to endure. Evidently, Old Major is an advocate for change and he symbolises a better life for the oppressed masses. John Molyneux suggests that Orwell offers â€Å"a sympathetic investigation into the lives of the poor and the poorest† within Russia. On the face of it, it appears that Orwell was sympathetic but was it merely because he feared for the destruction of Socialism and the rise in a Totalitarian society or that he genuinely ‘sympathised’ with the oppressed Russians? Orwell does allow us to be sympathetic towards the animals on the farm through showing their desolate conditions. He determines that as readers we are aware that they are â€Å"unfed†, contextually referring to the famine in Russia, again this adds to the sympathy that is created as the reality of the situation becomes real for a reader. However, the politically motivated background of ‘Animal Farm’ leaves John Molyneux’s interpretation to question. The use of character representations, paralleling the figures of authority in Russia, infers that Orwell was more concerned about cr eating a cynical view of the rulers in Russia rather than a one sided â€Å"sympathetic investigation† into the poor Russians lives. Nevertheless the oppression of the proletarians is never questionable. The hardship identified by Orwell and his critics verifies his intention in demonstrating oppression at the centre of a Totalitarian society. Similar to the sympathy evoked by Orwell this technique is used in ‘The Balcony’ by Jean Genet to create oppression for the prostitutes. The play was set in France in an unmade city during the 1950’s exploring the life of prostitutes in a brothel where men could explore their sexual fantasies and vent their frustration at the development of the revolution. Emotive language is used by Genet in order to portray the oppression they encounter from authoritative figures. In Scene One, the Bishop uses derogatory language in association with Irma’s position as a prostitute. He declares that she is a â€Å"slut†, a â€Å"bitch†, a â€Å"trollop† and a â€Å"tramp† all of which categorise Irma as a typical prostitute. By making Irma aware of her status as a prostitute it degrades her and makes her feel worthless. â€Å"This desire for status lies at the plays core† suggests Madeleine M.Schwartz. This statement is conceivable as the desire for status causes the clients of the brothel to pretend to be figures of authority. The need for power and feelings of worthlessness were common in brothels in the 1950’s as prostitutes were mainly lower class women similar to Irma who felt dejected by their positions and wanted it to change. As a result, characters such as the Bishop could manipulate these insecurities and oppress people who they believe are lesser than they are as it increases their importance and status. The idea presented by Schwartz is relatable to Animal Farm; characters such as the Bishop and Old Major are aware of their authority over the masses and use this to their advantage. The difference between these two texts is that in ‘The Balcony’ the brothel presents an illusion of power and authority whereas in Animal Farm these themes are reality for the animals. The prostitutes even though this is their job, have a choice whether they stay in the situation of being degraded by their clients in their house of illusions. However, there is no escaping the oppression for the animals. Carmen, a prostitute in The Balcony, declares that â€Å"this world of illusions oppresses me†, the concept of an ‘illusion’ suggesting that she is engrossed in a world where deception is the cause of her oppression but she has the choice to leave. In contrast to this the animals of the farm aren’t under an illusion of power. Even Old Major is oppressed, by referring to him as â€Å"old† infers that he is slow and weak showing that he is susceptible to the cruelties around him. Even though he is seen as higher to the animals he inevitably would suffer from the corruption under Mr Jones. Contextually Orwell could be taking a direct attack at Communism by accusing the system of being â€Å"old† and outdated suggesting that Communism oppresses all of its followers. The character of ‘Anarchy’ represents Shelley’s interpretation of the corruption and failings of the government under George III. The definition of Anarchy is ‘a state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority or other controlling systems’ this is an indication to the corruption of the government during the 1800’s and it indicates the harsh and oppressive qualities of the character ‘Anarchy’. Similarly to Shelley, Orwell uses characteristics in order to emphasise their intent at oppressing their victims. Squealer at one point in the novel â€Å"looked very sly†, he is Orwell’s symbolism of the Propaganda used in Russia during the dictatorship, by giving him a â€Å"sly† personality it infers that he cannot be trusted and will manipulate the other animals in order to obtain control. This reveals Orwell’s opinions on Russian Propaganda as he believed that it was used to control the populat ion by false or exaggerative information. Similarly to Orwell, Shelley implies that as a result of parliamentary corruption society became manipulated through the confusion brought about by the ‘Anarchy’ that swept through the country. Both authors use analogies and characteristics as a way of communicating the experiences of the oppressed masses in different socities. The use of contextual experiences by George Orwell is also a literary device used by Percy Shelley within ‘The Mask of Anarchy’. He uses the experiences of the people in England during the early 19th century to demonstrate their oppression and his anger towards the massacre. Similar to the animals on the farm the people of England are being oppressed by figures of authority and are being denied their freedom of speech. Within the poem Shelley uses the mystical characterisation of an Image which arose like â€Å"a light†. By using â€Å"light† to symbolise the Image, Shelley could be inferring that the idea of a peaceful rebellion is the way forward for England and the end of oppression. Light throughout history has always been of comfort to people as it allows them to see what is going on around them. In order to make them realise their oppression Shelley’s use of the personified ‘Image’ as a way of helping the proletarians rise against their oppressors and take part in a peaceful rebellion. She states that â€Å"slavery† has â€Å"grown to an echo† of their own names; therefore, by comparing Englishmen to slaves it suggests that they don’t have any basic human rights. A slave holds no power, political influence or any control over their own lives. This symbolism reveals the extent of their oppression as a typical English citizen in the 19th century should have freedom of speech. Therefore Shelley is implying that by taking away a person’s freedom of expression and right to protest they might as well be slaves. However, the use of â€Å"grown† to demonstrate how they became symbolic of a slave creates the impression that they hadn’t always been this way and the ‘Image’ is there to help guide them in the right direction. The gradual exploitation by authoritative figures led to the decline in their own collective power as a society. The ‘Image’ howev er opens up opportunity for the people of England to realise their oppression and do something about it instead of standing by whilst they are oppressed. Accordingly this leads to the concept of Inertia and implies that the people of England are in this situation due to the oppression inflicted upon them by the rich. This theme materialises due to the oppression that the masses endure which creates another dimension to the problems throughout society. The basis of inertia relates to ‘a tendency to nothing or to remain unchanged’ linking directly to the consequences of being oppressed which is relatable across the three texts. By ignoring their situations the victims allow oppressive authority figures to control their lives. A lack of enthusiasm and self-worth remains at the core of why they refuse to acknowledge the need to rebel and rise up against the people who oppress them. In ‘Animal Farm’ Orwell uses Boxer as a symbol for the proletariat in Russia. He can be seen as an exploited hard worker on the farm who continuously declares that â€Å"Napoleon is always right†. Orwell uses this symbolism to reveal the unintelligence of the workers and their incapacity to have their own views leading uncontrollably to their oppression. Shelley within ‘The Mask of Anarchy’ supports this and uses the symbolism of the ‘Image’ and its encouragement to try motivating the proletarians b y declaring that â€Å"to hold no strong control over your own wills† is to be free from oppression. It’s evident that Shelley and Orwell recognise this inability to have freedom of speech without the need to stay within the constraints of their society. By not being able to have their own opinion the oppressed masses become anxious of rebelling and speaking out. When they are finally given a platform to improve their lives they feel unable to change it for themselves. This can be seen in ‘The Mask of Anarchy’ when the masses are told to â€Å"Rise like lions after slumber† in an effort to motivate them. By using the imagery of a sleepy lion awaking from slumber Shelley creates the impression that the Englishmen are slow to react to changes around them perhaps as a result of a build-up from fear of repercussions. Again, Orwell presents this installation of fear by authoritative figures through the imagery of the dogs. The animals on the farm were â €Å"silent and terrified† after the dogs chased Snowball away. The brutality of these dogs is used to control the animals in every aspect of their lives. The dogs can be seen as Orwell’s symbolism of Stalin’s secret police, who like the dogs, installed fear into the proletariats making it difficult for them to speak out against their corrupted leader. Both Shelley and Orwell recognise this as a social defect that needed to be reformed either by motivation from other sources or by education. Evidently, a lack of education becomes a tool of oppression in each of the texts. The pigs within ‘Animal Farm’, the personified politicians in ‘The Mask of Anarchy’ and the clients within ‘The Balcony’ all use their victim’s lack of education to their own advantages in order to establish their authority and create a divide between the rich and the poor. In ‘Animal Farm’ the gradual changes in the seven commandments demonstrate the pig’s ability to manipulate the other animals. Napoleon takes advantage of the animal’s illiteracy and adds small changes to the commandments in order to accommodate his hypocritical flaws. â€Å"No animal shall drink alcohol† was a rule created during the earlier part of Napoleons rule but had subsequently changed to â€Å"No animal shall drink alcohol to excess†. The animals noticed the change but instead of questioning it they simply declared that they had â€Å"reme mbered wrong†. Within ‘The Mask of Anarchy’ Shelley reinforces the need for education by using the symbolism of the Image that appeared to define freedom. She states that â€Å"Science, Poetry and Thought are thy lamps†. By referring to education as a â€Å"lamp† Shelley is inferring that education allows you to become aware of your surroundings, when you switch on a light things become clearer. Unlike the animals of the farm, the English people are given the tools they need to rebel and become aware of their situation. This is realised by Irma in ‘The Balcony’ as she reveals â€Å"modestly† that she has an education. This modesty displays a sense of pride that she, despite her occupation as a prostitute, has the ability to understand the situation of the revolution around her. Undoubtedly, education provides the masses with the ability to better them-selves and as a result it’s clear why oppressors want to prohibit this an d remain in control. Again, character representation is critical as it links directly to the contextual influences of each text. Napoleon, Snowball and Squealer the pigs within ‘Animal Farm’ can be seen as a representation of Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin and the personification of Propaganda. Napoleon and Snowball were the leaders of the Communist Revolution in Russia. Castlereagh, Eldon and Anarchy within ‘The Mask of Anarchy’ represent the corrupted politicians in England at the time of the Massacre and the clients within ‘The Balcony’ take on the roles of figures of authority such as the General, the Judge and the Bishop in order to show their desire in having power giving them the chance to be the oppressors instead of being oppressed. Each of these characters tries to prevent the proletarian masses from receiving too much power as it would threaten their positions. As a result, characters such as Napoleon, Snowball and Squealer took precautions. After the remova l of Mr Jones they apparently disposed of everything seen as â€Å"the mark of human beings† onto the rubbish heap. However, we later learn that the pigs â€Å"had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book† which belonged to Mr Jones. This gives the pigs an advantage over the other animals who couldn’t read as they would be able to manipulate and oppress them as a result of their difference in intelligence. Again in ‘The Mask of Anarchy’ Shelley, within stanza 19, Shelley states that Anarchy â€Å"bowed and grinned to everyone, As well as if his education had cost him ten millions to the nation†. This infers that due to Anarchy’s apparent high level of education the action of him ‘bowing’ becomes significant. He cleverly allows the Englishmen to think that they are in control as by ‘bowing’ to them it indicates some level of respect and unity. As a reader we know that this is not the case a s he â€Å"grinned† indicating that he only â€Å"bowed† in order to gain the trust of the people. Without realising it, the animals and the English proletarians have allowed themselves to be oppressed. They have wrongly given trust to manipulative figures who intend to use it for their own selfish gain and have ironically heightened their oppression. Oppression is a theme identified by Orwell, Shelley and Genet as a fundamental issue within society and it is successfully presented through their text using effective literary devices. The use of contextual experiences from their time demonstrates their frustration at the inert attitudes of the masses. The inability to fight against their oppressors and the immense authority they gain from this is recognisable in each text as a method of control. It is clear that the need to reform and revolutionise society is ironically prevented by the proletarian’s lack of education and this situation all the more enhances their inescapable oppression. 3,220 words

Factors Affecting Euthanasia :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Factors Affecting Euthanasia      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the September 4 issue of the British. medical journal The Lancet, Canadian researchers report on how dying patients' "will to live" is likely to show "substantial fluctuation" due to changes in both physical and mental factors. Dr. Harvey Chochinov of the University of Manitoba and his colleagues assessed the "will to live" twice daily in 168 mentally competent cancer patients admitted to palliative care, and correlated this with a variety of other factors. The patients ranged in age from 31 to 89 years old; they survived an average of 18 days, though one woman lived more than 150 days. The factors with the most impact on the will to live were "depression, anxiety, shortness of breath, and sense of well-being." Which factor was most important varied with the stage of illness. During the earlier course of a patient's illness, anxiety was the dominant factor; depression became more important later, and shortness of breath was the chief factor suppressing a will to live when death became imminent. The study confirmed that, at least during much of a terminal illness's course, psychological factors weigh more heavily in a desire for death than factors such as physical pain.    Numerous US studies have established that the Americans most directly affected by the issue of physician-assisted suicide -- those who are frail, elderly and suffering from terminal illness -- are also more opposed to legalizing the practice than others are:    * A poll conducted for the Washington Post on March 22-26, 1996, found 50% support for legalizing physician-assisted suicide (Washington A18) Voters aged 35-44 supported legalization, 57% to 33%. But these figures reversed for voters aged 65 and older, who opposed legalization 54% to 38%. Majority opposition was also found among those with incomes under $15,000 (54%), and black Americans (70%).    * An August 1993 Roper poll funded by the Hemlock Society and other euthanasia supporters indicated that voters aged 18-29 supported "physician-aided suicide" 47% to 35%; voters aged 60 and older opposed it 45% to 35%. Hemlock's newsletter commented that "the younger the person, the more likely he or she is to favor this legislation." The newsletter added that "this is somewhat at odds with how Hemlock views its membership," since it sees itself as defending the interests of elderly citizens. (Humphry; Poll 9) A study of cancer patients found that terminally ill patients experiencing significant pain are more opposed to physician-assisted suicide than other terminally ill patients or the general public.

The Young Consumer: Their Value To Media Advertising And The Economy Es

The Young Consumer: Their Value To Media Advertising And The Economy An advertiser of new trend setting products often struggles with choosing a target market but now the choice is becoming clear. The young consumer market has developed itself into an empire in which companies flourish. Boys and girls ages 13-25 set the wave for what is considered cool and what isn’t. As a result, companies have carefully listened to what these â€Å"kids† have to say and then tried to develop products and ideas that resemble what they consider to be cool. Companies have focused their products around this up and coming group and by realizing what an impact they make, they have profited and the economy has yielded a substantial return. The question is how have several companies reached out to these individuals? Simply put, the media. Generation Y, the largest group of kids since the baby boomers, are much more media inclined which means that they have been more influenced by advertising than previous generations. The media should continue to be used as a source of advertising to young consumers because product consumption by this group is a huge benefit to the economy. The media should be used for anything that benefits the economy. Therefore the use of media advertising to influence the young consumer and vise-versa should continue because the outcome has resulted in a substantial benefit to not only the economy but, companies alike. I understand that people may consider the use of media to advertise products/ideas to young people could bring forth an unrealistic view of what everyone should be. Advertising often portrays the â€Å"perfect† idea or individual and some may argue that it is unhealthy to do so because it results in things like low sel... ... On ‘Own Voice’ Mags.† Advertising Age June 2004: 16 pars. Communication and Mass Media Complete. EBSCOhost. University of Denver Penrose Library, Denver. 19 Jan. 2005 . Stanley, T.L. â€Å"Marketers Angle To Catch The Rising Stars.† Advertising Age Aug. 2004 8 pars. Communication and Mass Media Complete. EBSCOhost. University of Denver Penrose Library, Denver. 19 Jan. 2004 . White, Amy. â€Å"Pepsi ‘Celebrity’ Cans For Top Pop Appeal To Teens.† Media Asia April 2004: 2 pars. Business Source Premier. EBSCOhost. University of Denver Penrose Library, Denver. 7 Feb. 2005 . Zollo, Peter. Wise Up To Teens. Ithaca: New Strategist Publications, 1999.

Program Planning and Evaluation Essay

The Far West community is an ever-growing community that is presenting many opportunities especially for a diverse population. Because the way society is as a whole it is important that there are culturally diverse communities not only for ones that need the exposure to diversity but for the cultures that need a place they can call and feels like home. Within communities such as Far West there is a huge need for the educators to be able to provide good education as well educational programs that tends to the diverse needs of a diverse population. Far West is a community striving to provide the perfect community and educational atmosphere for those that look to call Far West home. A program that is focusing on producing a successful program for a diverse population would have to utilize some program planning. This is especially accurate when a majority of the school population is of an Asian descent. Not only will program planning need to take place to come up with ways to provide for the Asian populations needs but for other cultures as well. Due to the growing population of Asian people within Far West there has also been a spike in the population of other cultural groups. Not only will a need for educational programs for the Asian culture be a must but also for others such as the Hispanic population. Not only will bilingual educators be needed but also bilingual programs, text books, and other materials to provide for the multicultural school population. The program is planning to use the first four years of grades kindergarten through fourth grade as the transition period to transform these unilingual to bilingual American students. Another program that is going to be put into place is a diversity program. Planning for this program is going to take some outside of the box thinking and some dedication from the educators and from the parents of the students.  Recruitment of faculty and staff will take place to help run this program. The principal is on board with the program and plans to make a point to recruit all the bilingual staff and paraprofessionals to help make this program run without a hitch. Parents are going to be needed to make this program a success as well. The needs for dedicated, caring parents are needed to form a diversity program committee to plan and execute everything, (â€Å"Http://www.ehow.com†, n.d.). There have been talks of creating a new class to aid in this program as well as an after school program. It will all depend on the funding whether or not the class will be implemented but the after school program is a go. Along with the daily afterschool program there will also be a monthly program celebration that will celebrate a different culture each month. Determining the celebrated cultures will be based on the different cultures that attend the school. During that month all students involved with the program will learn the lifestyles, traditions, history, and any common knowledge of the celebrated culture of that particular month. To make this happen successfully it is important to allow students to be involved and have a say in the programs planning and scheduled activities. This is the strategy to keep the students engaged and provide them with a sense of importance and responsibility. All is set in place for this program and applications for the grants have taken place and this will be what will determine if there will be a class provided during school hours as well as the after school program. Another area of need to make sure that the Far West elementary school is providing acceptable and successful services is the use of program evaluations. Some programs do this type of evaluation but it normally takes place on a quarterly basis. Far West plans to utilize a bi-monthly evaluation so the necessary statistics are recorded to make sure that the program is effective. This not only helps the students but it is also beneficial for the teachers and aides. With the students the evaluations provides insight on the learning level of the students and how well they are obtaining and learning the material taught within the program. All students learn on different levels and it is important to decipher what a child’s learning level is so that the program does not fail the student. The evaluations are also important for the educators and assistants because it allows them to analyze the data provided to see if adjustments need to be made so that lower level students can receive e xtra assistance. The  evaluations can also provide teachers with insights on any areas of improvement needed on how they are teaching the curriculum to the students. Evaluation is needed to help make a program successful and it also helps in the continuing evolution of a program. Far West plans to focus their attention on their program planning and evaluation by following a check lists. This check lists focuses on Curriculum, particularly a diverse curriculum. The next area would be instruction. The instruction given to these students is going to be as diverse as the schools population with the use of technology such as computers, videos, music, and artwork. These strategies will be added to the typical traditional use of textbooks and other media sources that can be obtained within the school’s library. Evaluation is another strategy on the checklists that was already touched upon, and lastly culture. A school’s culture sets the tone for how much the student’s value diversity in others as well as how confident they feel being themselves, (â€Å"Http://www.ehow.com†, n.d.). Program planning and program evaluation go hand in hand with this organization and for the most part a majority of all organizations. Part of the planning that has taken place is to provide an evaluation program on a bi-monthly basis. Success for this program relies on the continuous planning to make the program efficient and the continuous evaluation to make sure that the program is effective for students and the curriculum is effective as well. Both of these interrelate because with this program, planning and evaluation is needed for the overall success of the program. Far West believes that they have a curriculum, program, which is only in need of some extra staff, some dedicated parents, a nd some funding to make it all happen. Although everything presented within this written document has been all positive and seems to be fool proof there are always bumps in the road and potential obstacles that have to be faced when implementing a program of this nature. Technical issues are something that could slow the process of such a program if the required resources are not available. Because this is such a diverse program that is expected to have a large and diverse amount of participants the need for technology is needed. Technology is not only needed for resources but for alternate teaching strategies, programs, record keeping, communication, student interacting, research, and many more areas. Because of the size of the diverse population that is expected at Far West, part of their budget is  going to have the need for more computers and different bilingual programs to allow for more ample instruction of the programs curriculum. Another area of concern when it comes to starting a program would be political aspe cts. Politics is involved in almost everything one can think of. There is a large chance that there are some parents or other citizens within the Far West community that may feel that the grant money needed for all the educational changes can be utilized in other areas. Some parents that may be of another ethnic decent or part of a family that may not feel that it is important for their children to be culturally diverse could be opposed to this program proposal. These families may think that it would be a waste of money or recourses. Some families may feel that more attention should be given to classes of the arts such as art, and music. Or they may be some that believe that funding may be needed for more extracurricular activities such as sports or travel clubs. Other areas of concern could be facility improvement or maintenance. Other political issues could be on how a family looks at political views. Republicans may be opposed to such a program because they may feel that the money could be used in other areas, whereas democrats could be all for a program that is set up to help all of those involved. Other areas could be the overall upbringing and cultural traditions that families follow. Racism is still a huge issue within society and there could be families that feel that it is not in their children’s best interest to learn cultural diversity and may also feel like it is against their rights for such a program to be taught at the school their children attends. That is why the program is optional and not a requirement. The in school class would be a class where students that are interested or their parents are interested can enroll them into the class. The after school program will be optional as well. Although Far West is investing a lot of time and work into this program they are not going to allow this program take away from any other area within the school. This is to prevent from anyone to feel that they are being discriminated against. Far West is not taking any advantages away from other students they are just getting accustom to the ever evolving school population for years to come. This program is important. Children are the future of this country and if children are to be successful they are going to need the correct learning atmosphere, and resources to be able to do so. The Far West population is  becoming more and more diverse by the day and this is the case for the Far West elementary school. Far West has developed a program that will promote learning in an area that is a new way of life with cultural diversity. This is mindset of the future and by Far West Elementary setting an example; this could be the new and improved way of educating our youth starting at an early elementary age. References http://www.ehow.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/how_7464923_create-diversity-program-school.html http://www.ehow.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/info_7846153_checklist-diversity-evaluation-classrooms.html