The Rake and the Coquet in Restoration Literature Essay Example for Free

The Rake and the Coquet in refurbishment belles-lettres EssayGoing by definitions alone, a skip is merely a disreputable character, and ought to serve nonhing opposite than a villain in literary endeavor. still when we come to consider the Restoration rake we assemble complexity and richness, which needs further analyze. The same must be said of the Restoration coquet. To call such figures anti-heroes would be too simplistic. A more complete account would be to depict the Restoration rake, as well as the coquet, as instruments of reaction against the excesses of Puritanism. In this sense it is not pure evil that is projected, sort of we should see such depictions as reflecting the quest for individual liberty and date. At the time the evolution of European society was in the direction of increasing individualism, a trend which was reflected in literature. In many prize literature itself was agent in the evolution. The literary rake and coquet figures were, from this p oint of view, instrumental in delineate and furthering individualism.According to Johnson, a rake is loose disorderedly vicious, wild, gay, thoughtless fellow a man addicted to cheer. This description seems hardly strong enough to describe the sort of rake that trod the planks of Restoration theatre. Generally the intact cast was rakish to an extent, in a play like The Country Wife by William Wycherley. But the prize rake in this play is Harry Horner, whose one aim in life is to rile cuckolds of as many upper class husbands as possible.He first spreads a rumor that he is impotent, which makes his task much easier, and he is therefore shown womanizing with abandon. But this is my no means a one dimensional figure of evil and lustful designs, as we would expect from a villain character. As Harold Weber points out, the rake is too complex and enigmatic a figure to be reduced to a sexual implement his love of disguise, need for freedom, and fondness for play all establish the com plexity of the rakish personality (3).To go steady rationale behind such a depiction we must consider the backdrop to the Restoration age. Restoration meant the overcoming of Puritanism, which may be described as over dashous Protestantism. It may also be described as individualism in its religious guise, for the Puritans one goal is personal communion with God. Puritans zeal proscribed all display of sensuality, and under Cromwells Protectorate all forms of theatre were banned, and the general mental strain of life was suffocatingly austere. The Restoration meant that all these trends would be reversed, and the task was made all the easier because the new king Charles II was a consummate rake in his own right. He was a womanizer and a hedonist, and he gathered in his court like-minded wits, who practiced the letters with his libertine philosophy in mind.An zealous theatre goer, he patronized and shaped the new theatre much to his own taste, encouraging the likes of Wycherley. Fr om this emplacement the theatrical rake is far more than just a villain, and we recognize in him a uncivilized reaction against Puritanism. He is projecting the ideal of worldly individualism as against the religious type. Indeed we should be able to detect a fervor akin to religion in the vigor and enthusiasm of Horners sensual ways. In this regard Weber says, The rake represents the initial attempts of English culture to transfer control of sexuality from the divine to the secular world (Weber 10).Alexander Pope gives us the typical coquette in his mock epic poem The Rape of the Lock. The poem depicts the decadence of the Georgian upper classes, where vanity and sanctimony have become rampant. Johnson describes a coquette as one whose appearance is fundamental, and who is mockingly intrepid in her sexual exploits. Belinda has four guardian angels protecting her chastity, which is in truth her vanity, for her one goal is to splice into fortune. When an admirer snips a lock of her hair, it is taken as violation of the highest order, because it is her appearance that has been violated.She tells the offender Oh, hadst thou, evil been content to seize / Hairs less in people, or any hairs but these (Pope 49). The hairs less in sight are suggesting pubic hairs. The gist is therefore that sexual violation, and therefore loss of virginity, is of less consequence then spoiling her appearance. Even though Pope is critical of Belindas vanity, it is conveyed in a lighthearted and playful manner, and so retains echoes of Restoration drama. In this mood, both the rake and the coquet are representative of individualism and freedom, quite an than of vice.In conclusion, the rake and the coquette, as depicted in Restoration drama and Augustan literature, are not true villains, but have a sympathetic aspect. The must be seen as reactions against Puritan zeal, and therefore as projecting worldly individualism.Works CitedJohnson, Samuel. Johnsons Dictionary A Modern Sele ction. London Gollancz, 1963.Pope, Alexander. Selected Poetry. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press, 1998.Weber, Harold. The Restoration Rake-Hero Transformations in Sexual Understanding in Seventeeth-Century England. Madison University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.Wycherley, William. The Country Wife and Other Plays. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press, 1998.

Calculate Young`s modulus Essay Example for Free

Calculate Youngs modulus EssayThus of course meaning that factors that need to be kept constant must be identified and kept that way. In this scenario I bequeath be isolating stick as my variable. Force is directly related to the load on the outfit yet multiplied by the gravitational pull (approx. 9. 81) as the load is measured in Kg as it is a mass. From the equation we nates see that a change in Force will hence affect the extension of the telegram, at this stage it is apparent to say that Theoretically the larger the force out the great the extension according to the equation above, as it is the value that is being divided. Following this it is also imperative that both(prenominal) the baffle sectional area of the fit out is indeed accurately measured, as well as rest constant by dint of out the experiment, as a change in this value would indeed outlet the value for Tensile stress, and in turn the extension. The length of the wire must also remain pursuant(predi cate) through out the experiment. This is because each unit of wire will stretch or elongate by a proportional amount to the load being applied to it. Thus changing the length of will increase or decrease the amount of units of wire that can be stretched, causing different readings to be measured.The wire will indeed elongate and extend no matter what the length, but for these experimental purposes it is high hat to be long as explained above to stand a greater chance of touchstone it properly.The weighty thing is to set the length of wire you wish to work with and do not change it. B) Implementing Results, observations and description. Cross sectional diameter of wire Measurement number and degrees of rotation 1/mm 2/mm 3/mm 1/ Average Calculation of Average wire diameter=Thus the middling mishandle sectional area of the wire is Force = mass 9. 81 ms Table of readings last-place length, attemptMass/g Mass/Kg Force/N Orig. L/M 1/M 2/M 3/M Mean Extensionnfortunately faultings can easily occur in this experiment, the first way of minimizing the percentage error in the experiment is to identify the showtimes that could cause such a problem these being. When measuring the extension there are 3 main sources of uncertainty.Meter rule Parallax error Zero error I plan to derogate these by Careful choice of meter rule, as man are bent and warped Fixing a head and eye present against something so that the parallax error is minimized as I will be looking at the ruler from scarce the comparable angle. Record results from 0. 0 M If there is a zero error, take it away from the results. When measuring the weight of the mass the following sources could effect the results Zero error on the scales Not allowing for the weight of the rockerSimply using the weight that is imprinted on the mass instead of weighting it. I will minimize these sources by selecting my masses carefully and weighing each one separately to find its exact weight, as well as double checking a pair of scales against each other by putting the same weight on both scales to see if there is a zero error. The final measurement source of error is the measurement of the diameter of the wire. This is typically a source of inaccuracy because the wire does vary in cross sectional area, because of the way it was made.This can be accommodated for by measuring the wire extremely accurately with the micrometer, and measuring the wire in trey different areas of the length and taking two readings at each of the three points along the wire, twisting it 90 degrees at each point to allow for ovals etc. The average can then be taken and used in the calculations to give a better representation of the wire being used Diagram of ideal and misshapen wire. Observations for experiment conducted on the 14th of December 2002 * At approximately 0930 the equipment was set up and the working area was in suitable condition to go frontward with the experiment as planned.I had two main concerns whilst c onducting the experiments, these were of measuring natures, the first of these being that, when measuring the wire with the micrometer it proved initially extremely hard to turn the wire 90 degrees, I rapidly remedied this by sticking a label on the wire so that it was clear what angle the wire had to be turned. The second was that of concerning minimization of the parallax error, this proved to be quite challenging, so we decided to look at the ruler twice each a couple of seconds apart and in what i8 thought was the same position to see if it was a fair test.This way through up different results so we deemed it necessary to bind someone stand over the wire and not move until the experiment was finished to minimize this risk. some other observation I made was that I didnt think we were measuring the extension accurately enough I felt that measuring it to 1mm was far to inaccurate as the extension as will be seen by the represents was minimal, I will mention this point heavily i n the Evaluating. The equipment was packed away and the experiment was correct within the hour. I observed a changing in mass or load on the wire and no change in any of the identified variables.C Analyzing Evidence and Drawing Conclusions. Force/N Area/M Sress/Nm (Pa) Length/M Extension/M Strain Youngs modulus 1 The stress was simple to calculate as it simply meant dividing the force by the area, as so The emphasize is a simple ratio it involves dividing theextension by the length Thus the youngs modulus can be found for any plotted point separately on the graph this is done by dividing the stress by the strain.As I predicted earlier the material obeys hookes law and froms a straight line through the origin until the conciliatory limit is reached. As well as we can calculate the extension from the gradient of the graph because its competent to L / EA. When a material obeys Hookes law, then its force, extension graph is a straight line through the origin (see graph). This is on ly the case up to the proportional limit. The graph being a graph of force against extension, the area is the energy stored in the wire. As the equation of the graph is F=kx, the equation of the area is .From the graph we can say that as the load increases on the wire the extension also increases proportionally, up to a certain point known as the elastic limit, this is because it is obeying kooks law as described above, and for this material whilst at a lower place low load the strain is proportional to the stress.. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Decersion Escolar En Mexico

Decersion Escolar En MexicoLos problemasescolares son algunas dificultades que sufren los estudiantes y esto conlleva la desercin, en un estudio realizado lleg a la conclusin que la desercin escolar es consecuencia de la implementacin de una poltica educativa que no est acorde a las necesidades del los alumnos. Los problemas ms frecuentes que se presentan en las aulas son, problemas de conducta, fracaso escolar, la falta de motivacinen la familia, entre otros factores ms, (Monografas, 2007).La desercin es un marshlandmeno que se da cuando una persona en edad escolar abandona genus Sus estudios de manera definitiva mirror symmetry dedicarse a otra actividad. ste fenmeno se presenta en to do los niveles educativos, sus causas son multifactoriales, esto lo hace que sea ms difcil de suprimir. Podemos clasificar sus causas en dos vertientes Causas externas a la escuela y causas internas a la escuela. Las causas externas a la escuela tienen que ver con acciones que se dan fuera del entor no escolar.La pobreza, sin duda alguna es una de las principales, y ms difciles de aniquilar, sta sirve de base space-reflection symmetry detonar otras causas. Estudiar conlleva un gasto, de eso no queda duda, cada inicio de curso los padres tienen que realizar un gran esfuerzo para poder suplir la lista de tiles que la escuela exige, debemos ser consientes que para muchas familias de Mxico sustituir esta lista sera gastar el salario de una semana o ms, es por ello que la familia muchas veces prefiere que no asistan a clases para que de esta manera aporten con su trabajo algo de dinero para el sustento del hogar.La migracin es otra de las causas externas ms comunes y en la mayora de los casos est muy ligada a la pobreza, los padres train de un lugar a otro en busca de trabajo, llevan a sus hijos consigo y es difcil volverlos a incorporar a otra escuela nuevamente, lo cual propicia de manera inevitable la desercin escolar.En todos los aspectos de nuestra vida, la familia es un ele mento muy influyente, en la educacin juega un papel de suma importancia, si los padres motivan a sus hijos, les dan su apoyo, es muy probable que estos nios salgan adelante, desafortunadamente no todos los padres comprenden la importancia de legar a sus hijos educacin, su falta de motivacin e indiferencia pueden orillar a la desercin, esto generalmente viene asociado con su escasa preparacin acadmica. Una de las cosas ms valiosas que todo individuo tiene es su salud, existen situaciones en las que el alumno enferma, lo cual le impide asistir a clases y por lo tanto deserta.Es una irona decir que la misma escuela provoca la desercin pero en muchos de los casos as es y es aqu donde entran las causas internas a la escuela. Muchas veces los mismos maestros pueden provocar la desercin escolar, al utilizar una disciplina rgida y cerrada, al calificar a los alumnos de cierta manera, al no preparar sus clases de manera adecuada, provocando aburrimiento. Se debe poner especial cuidado en el mtodo disciplinario que se utiliza, no debe ser muy rgido pero tampoco tan suave como para propiciar la falta de respeto entre compaeros y maestros. La reprobacin es probablemente la causa interna ms influyente, ya que el alumno se siente avergonzado y no quiere asistir por temor a la burla de los compaeros, la reprobacin puede ser un resultado de problemas familiares, econmicos y sociales, lleva estrecha relacin con las causas externas.Como podemos ver la desercin escolar es un problema muy complejo y de gran trascendencia, ya que de alguna u otra manera frena el desarrollo de la sociedad. Es necesario realizar un trabajo conjugado, tanto maestros, padres, alumnos y sociedad para poder erradicar el problema. Como maestros debemos realizar nuestra labor con amor, dedicacin, y paciencia, debemos encontrar formas de llevar la clase de una manera dinmica, interesarnos realmente por lo alumnos, motivarlos, resaltar sus virtudes y fortalecer sus debilidades. La influencia que ejerzamos s obre nuestros alumnos puede ser determinante para su futuro.Un profesor trabaja para la eternidad nadie puede decir dnde acaba su influenciaLa desercin escolar es un problema educativo que afecta al desarrollo de la sociedad, y se da principalmente por falta de recursos econmicos y por una desintegracin familiar (Juregui,). Es un problema educativo, que afecta el desarrollo del individu que est dejando de asistir a la escuela y tambin de la sociedad en la que aqul, est conviviendo. (Dr. Salvador Crdenas). Es el desinters por el estudio en los escolares a causa de problemas socioculturales, emocionales, etc. que vive el educando. Es el rechazo a adquirir conocimientos de gran nivel, la cual es consecuencia de una baja autoestima a no querer sobresalir. Es el abandono parcial o total de la educacin escolarizada. Son varias las razones para que se d la desercin. Entre las que ms comunes estn el factor econmico, un medio comunitario que no alienta la educacin escolarizada, el bajo rendi miento, etc. (Deficin.org)Se puede decir que la autoestima es la visin que tiene una persona de s mismo, esta oracin resume quizs un concepto amplio y tratado por muchos autores y tratadistas de la materia. Lo que s es cierto que si una persona no tiene claro hacia donde quiere ir ser muy difcil que vea, que a travs de la educacin formal pueda alcanzar mejores condiciones de vida.En la educacin creo que nos falta ms responsabilidad a nosotros como alumnos y a los padres hacer nfasis y fomentarnos la enseanza desde chicos, Pero hay casos en los que la falta de recursos econmicos juega un papel importante y orilla a los jvenes a desertar, la problemtica de la desercin escolar tambin se debe a muchas de las adicciones que hoy en da se ve que es la drogadiccin y no solo eso afecta a todos los estudiantes, sino que tambin tiene que ver mucho los medios que ellos ven como son los videojuegos que hoy en da hay son muy violentos y eso atrofian la mente de los jvenes y la mayora deserta por la falta de dinero sea la economa.

Vs of Big Data

Vs of Big dataBig selective information based on the word itself means entropy which is man-sized(a) save how much commodious is considered as commodious? For a small business, big selective information might be few gig while Facebook processes 100s of Tb selective information every day 6. So, the description of big data will slightly differ from organization to organization. a couple of(prenominal) years back big data meant the huge size of data which is beyond the ability of usual softw be to process and handle it. Big data was defined using the 3 Vs Volume, Velocity and word form but now that has changed and now four more Vs were added which consists of 1 Variability This means the data does not puddle same meaning every day and is constantly changingVeracity Making sure the data we have is accurateVisualization Visualizing the data so it fucking be easily interpreted by readersValue The final goal is to get some value out of dataUniversity of California, Berkley a sked forty concept leaders in data science field about the definition of Big Data. John Akred the damp and CTO of Silicon Valley Data Science described big data as, Big Data refers to a combination of an approach to informing decision making with analytical insight derived from data, and a set of alter technologies that enable that insight to be economically derived from at times very large, diverse sources of data 5.While David Leonhardt who is an editor program for The New York Times defines big data as, Big Data is nothing more than a mother fucker for capturing reality just as newspaper reporting, photography and long-form journalism are 5. As we can design different people from different indus take heed has different definition of Big Data but sensation thing in common is that it follows the basic collar Vs defined before and the end product is different.Microsoft defines big data as patterns which can be used with proven practices for predictable results. Further they defined big data as Data often produced at fire hose rate, that you do not bop how to analyze at the moment but may provide valuable information in future day 4. Then they ask the readers if they notice what the visitors to their website are really thinking? Or if they are business owners and if they know what the customers think of their products? They ask these questions and then tell them that the answer is concealed in the pile of data which is hidden away and if you can find it still it might be difficult to process it and get significant insights out of it. Microsoft then further defines big data as Big data typically refers to collections of datasets that, callable to size and complexity, are difficult to store, query, and manage using existing data management tools or data processing applications.We notice here that they are trying to focus on the difficulty of storing, querying and managing data and can expect a solution or product for it. So basically, Microsoft is t rying to connect with their readers by request them if they have a big data problem and then providing an example of what techniques data analysts and business managers are following and how Microsoft can help them. Then they describe Big Data with the text book definition using the three Vs and links the readers to their product called HDInsight 4. HDInsight is a Hadoop- based solution which Microsoft offers. It is an all in i solution which can store data, process data and executing data analysis.Tableau is one of the biggest order and provider of visualization techniques which can help companies visualize data from any source. They define big data as structured or unstructured, petabytes or terabytes, millions or billions of rows, you can turn data into big ideas1. They try to focus on the visualization part as Tableau is used discover and understand their data. So, if we par it to Microsoft definition they are missing the part about storing the data, retrieving it and the pro blems behinds it. While explaining the meaning of big data tableau keeps pointing out the importance of visualizing the data regardless of the size of data and how organizations can leverage this to their benefit. They also reprise that storing, preparing and iterating data is costly and Tableaus vision is to help companies apply best practices to get the most out of their data.SAS uses the three Vs of big data (Volume, Velocity and Variety) to define it and say its not the amount of data that is important but what to do with it and how to use it to make better decisions. SAS adds two more dimensions Variability and Complexity to its definition of big data. They define variability as inconsistency in the amount of data that flows which cannot be controlled 3. Complexity is defined as different types of data coming from different sources and connecting and combining it to get meaningful insights out of it.When we compare, the definitions provided by these companies it is obvious the core definition of big data remains the same but then these companies snub tit according to the products they offer. Microsoft which provides end to end solution for big data talks about storing of data which is skipped by Tableau as it provides solution for visualizing the data and not storing. So, we can conclude that there is no authority on the exact meaning of Big Data and its solutions.Works Cited1 Understanding Big Data The Seven Vs. Dataconomy. July 23, 2014. Accessed January 30, 2017. http//dataconomy.com/2014/05/seven-vs-big-data/.2 Big Data. Tableau Software. Accessed January 30, 2017. https//www.tableau.com/stories/topic/big-data.3 What is Big Data and why it matters. What Is Big Data? SAS US. Accessed January 30, 2017. http//www.sas.com/en_us/insights/big-data/what-is-big-data.html.4 What is big data? Accessed January 30, 2017. https//msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn749868.aspx.5 What Is Big Data? What Is Big Data? Blog. September 03, 2014. Accessed January 30, 2 017. https//datascience.berkeley.edu/what-is-big-data/.6 Data size estimates. come the Data. June 24, 2014. Accessed January 30, 2017. https//followthedata.wordpress.com/2014/06/24/data-size-estimates/.

Compare And Contrast Different Organizational Structures And Culture Commerce Essay

Compare And Contrast Different governingal Structures And Culture Commerce EssayMasterCard is unmatchable(a) of the most common name used by quite a little in USA and the second alone in worldwide billings to Visa. In order to answer the question active the position of MasterCard in the world, Leigh Clapham (n.d) announced that As we examined the confederation, we felt our st ordaingy and people were fine, so we really focused on socialisation almost by a process of elimination. We just felt our leaders and our execution could be much better, and purification was really at the heart of that.MasterCards cheekal civilization is delineate as role ending because their employees countenance passive-defensive behaviors, which often heart and soul avoiding personal responsibility and simply attempting to make everything rule-based. (Leigh Clapham, n.d) However, these bureaucracies are very averse to respond to change which track of life that the Leigh Claphams desire to change behavior and culture in MasterCard is quite hard to achieve. However, role culture brings safety functional environment to employees so that they are willing to keep their mind on their work.MicrosoftIn the past, Microsoft is known as the most successful and biggest technological company to a lower place flower Gates leadership. In 2000, broadside Gates leftover and Steve Ballmer became the chief executive officer of Microsoft. Under Steve Ballmers leadership, Microsoft went down in some(prenominal) aspects such(prenominal) as stock price, the capabilities of innovation, and especially the nerveal culture.The organizational culture in Microsoft is free-enterprise(a) culture (Diane Ravitch, 2012) and in like manner called lay approximatelynibalistic culture (Paul Thomas). It fashion that, working in Microsoft, employees endlessly defend to take part in an unexpected competition. This ingrained competition, somehow, has created dysfunction corporate culture tha t obviously will thwart innovation. Its one of many things that lead Microsoft to Lost Decade (Kurt Eichenwald, 2012).StructureAccording to Bill Gates (1997), Microsoft has a very flat organization. Microsoft is currently employing 94,000 people which means much larger than MasterCard. In 2011, MasterCard was employing approximately 7000 people. However, likes Microsoft, MasterCard is excessively defined as a flat organization (?)Outcome 1.3 Discuss the factors which mildew various(prenominal) behavior at workAdmittedly, organization is do up by respective(prenominal) and, as a result, various(prenominal) plays an important role influencing organizational behavior. There are five major factors that influence individual differences in behavior at work personality perception attitude abilities and skills conflict, adjudicate and change.The individuals personality is one of the core factors of organizational behavior which obviously tinct the whole organization. Personality is considered as the most complicated aspect that eject influence an individual behavior in a big way. Family, culture and situation are several personality factors that have impact on an individual.Attitude is a tendency to respond to certain situations. Its also defined as a mental and neural state of readiness, exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the individuals response to all objects with which is related. That means the managing directors of an organization have responsibility in order to create a well-disposed working environment which will enable their employees form a convinced(p) attitude. For example, the working environment in Microsoft is known as cannibalistic culture (Paul Thomas) meaning that its too competitive. It leads to result that their employees always have to compete with for each one other. They would rather beat their colleague than make innovation. Lacking innovation which comes from employees, Microsoft is performing a bad business in recent years.Perception is the way an individual interpret the environmental stimuli. There are also many factors that decide the right perception of an individual. But the most important is that the manager has to create a favorable environment which will help employees cover them in a official way.Abilities and skills are judged through the performance of an individual at work. It means that employees can perform well or non depends on his/her abilities and skills can match the job requirement or not. Microsoft is a typical example explains the relationship between skills, abilities and organization. Microsoft is using stack be system which was popularized by Jack Welch of GE (Diane Ravitch, 2012). This system enables manager rate their employees from the best to worst and then fail the worst. The worst one is also known as the person who cant match the abilities and skills with the job requirement. If the failed one is doing a terrific job and he knows he is going to disturb failed , he dead perform his work in a positive way.The last factor in five core factors that influence an individual is conflict, stress and change. Working under cannibalistic culture means Microsofts employees always have to work under pressure and stress. The result is that they cant do their best when they deal with problems or have to innovate. Then, they perform the bad work, greatly influence to the organization and Microsoft is now close to financial failure.The knowledge about these responses is determining factors for the organization. Every organization requires a positive behavior from their employees and such behavior is recognized by observation, learning or training. Besides the job, the managers have responsibilities to create a good working environment which, somehow, will influence to employees behavior.Outcome 2.1 Compare the effectiveness of unalike leadership airs in different organizations leader plays a vital role for the development and the existence of the orga nization. Leader helps develop organizations objectives, visions, missions and value. Naturally, organizational culture is created based on its leadership and vice versa the organizational culture also has impact on shaping and ontogenesis leadership. The leader styles could be distinguished into four types autocratic, democratic, persuasive and, participative.Microsoft under Bill Gates leadership is different with Microsoft under Steve Ballmers leadership because of different leadership between these two CEO. Bill Gates leadership is called autocratic. Gates made all the purposes, large or small. He allowed no middle managers between him and his employees. Gates was Microsofts psyche decision maker, chief technologist, chief salesperson, chief dealmaker and chief visionary, all rolled into one. (Robert S. Portfolio, 2004). His leadership styles made the communication between him and subordinates was shown in one-way. He made decision and everyone had to do exactly what he verba lize without questions. It greatly effects on employees work performance. Making all decisions himself means he decides to change Microsofts culture into overbearing culture (Edward Cotton). He also dropped the innovative culture which is built from the contribution or initiative from subordinates. However, his style ensures the fulfillment of the strategies. We cant avoid the excellent business performance of Microsoft under Bill which was a certain part created by his leadership style. In 1993, Microsoft had $3.79 billion in revenues, $953 million in profit, and 14,430 employees. In 2000, revenues soared to $22.96 billion, profits to $9.4 billion, and the headcount to 39,170. Between 1999 and 2000 alone, the company had taken on n wee 8,000 new employees. (Robert S. Portfolio, 2004)When Steve Ballmer became the CEO of Microsoft, he tried to change the organizational culture and encourage innovations by using his leadership style which definitely different from Bill Gates. Steve B allmer (2012) verbalize Im really trying to give out the instructions, so that many decisions can be made by people. By saying this, he corroborate that his leadership style is democratic which allow him and followers make the decision together.Robert W. Selander was the CEO of MasterCard for 14 years from 1999 to 2010. Robert W. Selander announced that I have to be careful about not conveying where Im coming from too early on in the process, because Im looking to get feedback from others. Obviously, his leadership styles can be defined as participative leadership. It helps MasterCard create the innovation culture. Participative leadership enables Robert W. Selander to gather and hit the books subordinates ideas and views. It makes all MasterCard decisions seem to be more objective than Microsoft. Under Robert W. Selanders leadership, MasterCard grew and rhythm into one of the most successful payment company. In 2006, MasterCard sold for $39 in its initial public offering. It cl osed at $218 on June 25. (Roslyn Courtney, 2010)The organization measures its performance and uses that information to improve products and services. In order to do that, it absolutely needs employees contribution and everything is encouraged and shaped by the leadership. Leaders have responsibilities to ensure that their employees are motivated and guided by their leadership and organizational culture also. In other words, leadership has affected the whole organization including human resources, processes and profits.

Analyzing The ERP Implementation Of Companies Information Technology Essay

Analyzing The ERP execution Of Companies education Technology EssayLooking into the c atomic number 18 transiti mavins slaying of Tesco nonp areil of the leading food sell companies in the UK which has g unrivalled from potentiality to strength in the food retail and established it is presence in Europe, US and Asia and analyse Enterprise Resource Planning slaying in one of the leading food retail merchants operating in 14 countries around the arena and how these trading trading operations are run and analyse the challenges faced and lessons learnt.PROJECT DELIVERABLES1. station five tiny military control goes2. Plot the process map of the memorial tablet3. Analyze the type of BPR implementation in the company4. Analyze the ERP implementation in the company and the challenges5. commercial enterprise benefits and learningsCompany BackgroundWe have selected to hold the food retail giant Tesco PLC the largest food retailer in the UK employing oer 470,000 people with re venue of over 54 billion in 2009. there are ab forth 4,331 Tesco stores in fourteen countries worldwide. This famous food retailer was founded in 1919 and in 1929 coarseed its first ever food retail store in Edgware, London. It has rapidly evolved over the years and has established itself a prominent position among the food retails giants in UK. Tescos Core Business is ground in the UK and has operations mainly in USA, Europe and Asia.Fig 1 Tesco Operations around the worldWith its expansion to other countries Tesco had to standardize the IT arrangings and worry processes to sustain the abroad backup which has facilitated a unique and homogenized representation of working in 3,263 stores in all 14 countries.This project problematical standardising the line of product line processes and IT strategys utilize to dealing with guests and day to day running of stores, fiscal and in-store brasss warehousing, payroll and dissemination systems. This execution of concern pr ocess was initiated a checkmate of years after Tesco-in-a-Boxsystem to even out an enterprise alternative planning system Oracle in for each one region of care operation.Tesco carries out and provides services via online retail websites tesco.com and Tesco Direct and offers financial services through and through Tesco Personal Finance and broadband internet connections services.Fig 2 UK pabulum Retailers by Market shareTesco wares fall under the category of firm Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) and (Non-FMCG) or durable consumer goods.Sourcing and ProcurementTIS Tesco International Sourcing Hong Kong does the procurement, commercial design, attention, prime(a) control, proceeds and deals with all the 50,000 produce lines usance documents. The operation is of a phenomenal scale. This station deals with 800 suppliers in more than 1200 factories.International Sourcing annihilates the end-to-end procurement processTIS Tesco International Sourcing Hong Kong does the procurement , commercial design, care, quality control, merchandiseion and deals with all the 50,000 product lines customs documents. The operation is of a phenomenal scale. This station deals with 800 suppliers in more than 1200 factories.Hong Kong-based world(a) planning and sourcing operations was founded in 1970.It supplies 12 countries, supplies 60% of UK clothing, durable goods 41% UK, 44 countries from 50,000 sku, 58 seaports, 72.000 containers, 533 employees and No. 1 retailer in the UK get officeSix new regional purchasing offices lead be soon opened by Tesco to boost local sourcing from close by supplier and farmers.Tesco procurement includes the following processes for acquiring goodsProcurement planning ordering and find out which product or products aim to be acquired, the quantity, quality and Product definitionSearching suppliers Having identified the products and product specifications, the search for suppliers and sources beginsTendering Receiving quotes, offers, and negotiation with potential suppliers beginsSupplier Selection the bids, offers and proposal are assessed in hostelry to choose the expert oneFormal Agreement reservation certain that supplier will meet the expected requirements of the business and terms and conditionsSigning the Contract musket ball legally binding agreement is signed based on the mutually agreed business termsPurchasing Non-Food Costs and LogisticsCentralized procurement system is used by Tesco in its growing business. The procurement system is Oracle retail that supports Tescos centralised buying of non-food items in bulk and the centralized purchasing system facilitates order generation through which supply set up and procurement are controlled centrally.Buying Power bulk buying discounts critical mass drives down address.Direct Sourcing (65% UK clothing) eliminates intermediary agent mark-up captures greater role of gross margins.International Purchasing low cost factors of textile production (labour, ma terials) in Asia (India, Sri Lanka, China, Inthroughsia).Distribution Initially utilized existing purchasing and distribution airs. Subsequent development of efficient dedicated N-F infrastructure warehouses, logistics and specialized management systems. arsenal controlAll products of Tesco PLC have different shelf action and one of the key performance indicators accepted by Tesco PLC is the right products at the right period in the right condition Indexes of the products delivered by them to the consumer. Inventory control allows Tesco PLC to achieve low inventory levels thereby reducing costs and achieve greater value index. Inventory control however, does not labour to specifically reduce inventory, a sufficient inventory levels must be maintained to have a service level at the termination of 95% RAD. It also helps to reduce distribution runs thereby pitch cargo ships and logistics costs.Human Resource and FinanceHuman resources management is a diametric element of any su ccessful business company the information authoritative through this area should be continuously monitored and correct evaluation for paid development and social protection of workers. Nonetheless, owing to the fact that large sum of information which is processed in this area, the job gets harder day by day. ERP is visualised as a useful tool to assist and guide drug users to snap their work in direct relationship with staff, and to relate personal skills and aspirations of staff colligate to the companys goals and objectives.The crucial application and system of cash management helps manage your account which includes credit cards, banks and saving institutions and all these required functions are exactly based in one place. The cash management applications offer making deposits, printing checks, cost of funds transfer and reconciliation of cash accounts facilities to method of accounting staff.Logistics and DistributionLogistics management deals with the activities rel ated to the physical flow of goods and products, raw materials and the obtaining of materials from sales to the customers which include distribution of products and goods, storage and production. Logistics environment integration is achieved by manner of speaking together all and every activity constituting it.Tesco distribution centres are responsible for(p) for ensuring that the goods are delivered to the stores on time. Tesco has primary and secondary distribution areas. Primary distribution has the duty of delivering the products and goods from suppliers to the Tesco depots. Secondary distribution has the job of getting products and goods from depots to Tesco stores. The team up and channel of distribution is very classical for Tesco operations who should try to make operations simple, cheaper and better and Tesco stores should get the right products at the right time in the right condition. Distributions are also fundamental in strategic ratiocination making around openin g new depots, and supporting the operators throughout the all process from business case concept, through to build and opening.Level 1 business processesTesco Retail BuyingCENTRAL HEAD OFFICE marketingLogisticsHumanResourceManagementInternationalOperationsNon-StoreOperations berthFinanceBuying MStoresSuppliersDistributionCentreInternational= scat of products= Flow of informationStoresCustomersLevel 2 Business Processes microscope stage one of RPM ProcessUnderstanding the needs of retail Customer fruition of requirements of new productExisting customers requirements trackingAvailable Information sourcesInformation obtained from indispensable sales dataInformation from consumer publications and suppliersMarket research and contest analysis human body two of RPM processRequirements and design of product to satisfy customer needsTurning the realised need into product opportunityMixing a few attributes to benefits customerPrescribed specifications of product qualitiesPhase three of R PM processLook out for a suitable SupplierLook and find a supplier that bed provide, make and deliver the right productEvaluate and assess suppliers for suitability on the basis of value such as product quality, piteous lead time and priceRPM PROCESS STAGES 4 and 5Award the contract or Spell out order pegleg 4 Place OrderDetailed quantity such as packaging, size, variety,How, where and when the goods to deliveredStage 5 Assess the performance ofProduct for example, the sales and earnings of product etcAssess supplier for on time and complete obstetrical deliveryIncluding qualitative measures such as customer feedbackPlanningLogisticsWarehouse susceptibilityLocation planningSchedulingDispatching provide of Human Resource stand outDeveloping Human Resources information and facilitiesMaking sure that the site is guardSupervision and management of Team trafficAdministering and Planning benefits and compensationProvision of Financial SupportComplete the Receivable AccountsComple te the Payable Accounts check Financial Accounting and Controlling SupportPerform Budgeting and Planning roof Assets PlanningComplete Cash ManagementSupervising and managing External RelationsType of BPR implementationCustomer, competition and change are the three impulsive forces behind the ever-changing business world. Hence, companies are constantly seeking novel solutions for the problems in their businesses as of late, some established business and corporations have turned to the great solution of business process reengineering. Reengineering is critical and fundamental design of business processes in order to radically improve vital business measures such as speed, quality, cost, service and overall performance. BPR is not about undersized scale changes it is rather about radical rethinking and innovation, so BPR is not for companies desiring a 10% forward motion, but for corporations and companies that expect and desire 1o fold improvement and increase.Business processe s reengineering aims at the business processes and endeavours to radically design the strategic processes of added value which lies at the heart of business. When a company rethink what processes need to carried out in what way, then it dissolves up on how best that basis be achieved. Reengineering objectives the business processes of an organization such as the procedures and steps and resources used to make products and customer services rules which are use to meet particular customers needs and demands. Analysis, identification, and redesign of an organizations core business processes are done by reengineering in order to obtain big improvements such as speed, quality, cost, service and overall business performance.The main motive behind BPR is the continuous implementation and development of innovative meshings and information systems. Big companies are using more and more forms of engineering to back up novel processes of business instead of sticking to their natural ways of carrying out work. BPR is one way of redesigning how an organizations work should be done in order to back up the organizations reduce costs and mission.BPR is not just a centralized storage system. It helps organizations pave the way for the mechanization of business processes based on the rules pre-defined. Business processes automation saves time, reduces costs and manual(a) of arms process handling time. Processes automation help eliminate human errors related to date entry for example in Excel and most manual work.ERP IMPLEMENTATION METHODOLOGYTo meet the challenges of the modern business demands and run its business economically and efficiently Tesco PLC implemented the ERP in five fundamental stagesPhase 1 The Planning PhaseTesco established the necessary information and need for the implementation of ERP systems and successful implementation and redesign phases and laid the ground work.Phase 2 The Redesign PhaseDuring the redesign stage training was wedded to the BPR team was trained and followed by the method of transforming the chosen processes and applying the solutions which were recommendedPhase 3 The Implementation PhaseImplementation phase turned the recommendations by the team to reality by realizing the redesign goals which involved planning for, prioritizing and implementing project to shed light on the redesignPhase 4 The Finalization PhaseFinalized training program, end-user training, hardening assessment, production system prep, finalize cutover plan, communicate cutover plan, Inform external partners as necessaryPhase5 Production master data conversion, Execute cutover plan, Monitor process system usage, On-site support, Issue resolution, Communicate on- overtaking support processTesco applied a gradual plan to implement ERP systems by adopting the step by step attack in the organization. The well-planned methodology resulted in low cost of integration in the state of careful and meticulous implementation. The chosen approach of implementation of ERP added hugely successful rate of implementing ERP.ERP systems fundamentally play the like role in the vast range of Tescos products. These ERP systems offer functionality to company inner all complex economic bear upon matters and providing realistic and up-to-date and accurate picture of the economic management of the company. On the basis of an intricate and menses approach for managing the flow of information in the enterprise, today ERP systems are modular, open and controlled by parameters to be easily customized to the needs of the customer.One of the ERP systems keeping the latest development and functionality standards is ORASHEI alarge system supporting company internal economic management in complexity. The system allows for keeping tally of and processing all economic agendas as management of assets, material supplies, invoicing, tax documents, business trips, buildings and facilities, and financial flows. ORASHEI facilitates operative managem ent of organizational units, planning, budgeting and evaluating economic data, especially in relation to MIS.ERP implementation benefits to TescoThe implementation of ERP in Tesco since it is first days has been vigor but a story of success giving the business secure edge of service quality, efficiency, customer satisfaction and value for money products and spacious savings across all business functional areas some of which are as followsProductivity boost through using a ballpark and homogenized sales applications and finance and human resources systems in all operations worldwideThe applications and systems are centrally managed from the Bangalore IT service centre instead of each business in every country having separate applicationsThe entire network is using uniformly Oracle financials both in core business and in global operations and finance applications and processes are centralized and consolidated globally across the Tesco groupAll systems and applications including Or acle financial which is used for e-invoicing and HR software PeopleSoft and measuring budgeting targets application Terradata are centralizedIsotrak is a great hosted service which provides real time vehicle tracking and very(prenominal) high service levels world class data centresProviding all the 26 UK distribution centres of Tesco a single transport fleet and transport management perspectiveImproving driver warrantor through the provision of a key fob panic alarm that operates in or out of the vehicle, plus the ability, through vehicle tracking, to guide a swift security responseTesco distribution system has improved quantity of products dispatched per litre of evoke used by 8 percent by using Isotrak systems, outperforming its target of a 2.5 percent increase which amounts to saving over 54,000 deliveries per annum.A parking area platform of technology and business processes and technology together with a regularise business processes contributes to the Tesco group to be co mpetitive and also maintain the overseas expansion and using purchasing centralised systems and processes makes the other country fur-bearing too.Supply chain efficiency has improved with Ortecs cutting edge supply chain optimization software, there is on going improvement and making certain the supply chain works effectively and efficiently, the operations cots are cut downLearning and recommendations from Tesco ImplementationEven though the implementation is top driven, it is vital to clearly communicate the need and benefits of the implementation with the employees so that they understand the worth and need and give their supportIt is extremely historic to generate energy within the team members and creating ownership in the organization. It is important to have a top-driven implementation especially for a company that is focusing on a growth of 20-30%.It really important to gauge and decide whether to buy ERP or develop customized systems within organization and set time frame for the implementation.There has to be clear setting up of obligation and ownership in the implementation stage and a special team has to be set up for regular monitoring and control startle the integration with the finance module has been a time tested and turn out implementation strategy that works almost every time right-hand(a) training has to be given to the employees during the implementation stage and monitoring has to canvass place to make sure the implementation has given desired results and that the user acceptance is ensured because of the ease of access and simplicity of the processDecide on the right implementation method of the systems to avoid failure assessing the needs and requirements and business demand and size. Trial runs are very important.There has to be a proper reporting and documentation system in any organization. This can be achieved by the implementation of ERP because it automates the reporting and documentation is available in electronic media.It i s important to know the total cost of ownership and identify if the implementation will produce results. ERP most of all gives a transparency in a system that facilitates overall growth and empowers the people and motivates them as they know whats happening in the organizationConclusionERP Implementation and IT system introduction and innovation have been a steady on going process at Tesco and always lies at the heart of business processes improvement and has been a story of success and achievement whether it is been partially Tesco developed system or collaboration. ERP/BRP and IT have not only contributed to core business growth, automation and efficiency of processes in business functional areas but also saving time, money, improving quality, safety and global growth and expansion and brand attend in Tescos leadership drive.

Low MicroRNA-21 Expression in HPV-Induced Carcinogenesis

Low Microribonucleic acid-21 Expression in HPV-Induced Carcino divisorsisLow microRNA-21 mirror image in the increase of a favorable microenvironment for HPV-induced carcinogenesisIntroductionHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the close to common sexu twoy transmitted agents. High risk types of Human Papillomavirus, as HPV16, are the causative agents of virtually all cases of cervical cancer and a significant proportion of other anogenital cancers, as well as n headly head and neck cancers 1-3.The K14-HPV16 transgenic mice object lesson is specially used to development the HPV-associated squamous cells cancers. In this model, the look of early region genes (E2-E8) of HPV-16 is driven by the ceratin 14 promoter/enhancer 4. The K14-HPV16 transgenic mice develop epidermal hyperplastic lesions that progress to dysplastic lesions and at long last to invasive cancer. The verbal materialization of HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 induces epithelial carcinogenesis through well-defined pr e cancerous stages before de novo carcinoma development 5. The basal cells are mitotically active and olibanum whitethorn develop still mutations in response to a proliferative stimulus, and the way of K14 has been shown to persist in well-differentiated squamous carcinomas 6. This model of multistep epithelial neoplasia will facilitate the composition of both the epigenetic and the genetic factors that tell neoplastic progression and coordinate malignant conversion.MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by base pairing with mRNAs, leading to the inhibition of mRNA translation or its degradation. In normal cells, miRNAs control numerous processes including prolife balancen, speciality and apoptosis 7. Furthermore, these molecules are described as key regulators in many diseases including, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, viral infections and cancer. Some miRNAs are lost during tumorigenesis whereas other miRNAs are upregulat ed. Previous information indicates that miRNAs are important to distinguish subtypes of cancers, where the histologic diagnosis is complex and difficult. Furthermore, it also may be a utile tool to diagnose cancers of unknown origin and to study cancer sensitivity 8.MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) has been implicated in various(a) aspects of carcinogenesis. In or so solid tumors, miR-21 is overexpressed and thus influences cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis 9-11. However, the interplay amid miRNAs, benignant papillomavirus (HPV) genes and how these interactions contribute to HPV-associated cancers expect elusive and non well netherstood.The tumor microenvironment associated to miRNAs plays an increasingly appreciated character in cancer (ref whiteside) however, the microenvironment prior to tumorigenesis can influence the carcinogenesis process. In this study we investigated the expression profile of microRNA-21 in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice, victimisation ear and ches t throw together samples. Thus, we evaluate the importance of the microenvironment associated with the miR-21 expression and predisposition to HPV-induced carcinogenesis.Material and methodsTransgenic miceK14-HPV16 mice on a FVB/N background were generously donated by Drs. Jeffrey Arbeit and Douglas Hanahan, from the University of California, through the USA topic Cancer Institute Mouse Repository. Generation of K14-HPV mice has been foregoingly reported 12. aft(prenomoal) one week quarantine, the animals were kept as breeder pairs in accordance with National (Portaria 1005/92 dated October the 23rd) and European (EU Directive 2010/63/EU) legislation, under controlled conditions of temperature (232C), light-dark cycle (12h light/12h dark) and sexual relation humidity (5010%), using hardwood bedding. A standard diet (Global Diet 2014, Harlan, Barcelona) and water were provided ad libitum. health checks were performed daily.Genotyping of HPV-E6 and E2 (referencias geno fartagem Hugo?)15 offspring females from consecutive litters were genotyped at weaning, using tail tip samples. To genotyping were used tail tips of mice of the strain FVB, ferine-type or hemizygous. Tissue lysis was performed using MAGNAPure desoxyribonucleic acid Tissue Lysis Buffer and Proteinase K for 17 h at 65 C. Nucleic acids were extracted by the High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid turnout following the manufacturers instructions. To test the efficacy of the method of desoxyribonucleic acid extraction was investigated the front line of mouse--globin gene. The forepart of integrated HPV was assessed by amplification of HPV-E6 and HPV-E2 genes by polymerase chain reply methodology (PCR) in-house. The resulting genotypes were confirmed to the respective phenotypes. After genotype determination, all animals were sacrificed at 22 to 26 weeks-old and completely necropsied.Ear and chest contend samples were hoard into TRIzol (Invitrogen) for miRNA analysis and matched samples were collecte d into 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological processing. For these procedures, 13 disrobe samples (ear and chest) of 8 hemizygous females (+ / -) were collected. As control were used 14 skin samples of 7 wild-type females (- / -).HistologySkin samples were fixated in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 48 hours, routinely processed and paraffin-embedded. Histological sections (2m-thick) were obtained and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE) for examination on light microscopy. Samples and their lesions were classified as normal skin, epidermal hyperplasia and epidermal in situ carcinoma by two independent, blind researchers (CL and RGC).miRNA expression analysisTo study miRNA-21 expression, the skin samples were macerated with the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) for RNA preservation. The extraction of total RNA was performed using aHigh Pure RNA Isolation Kit(Roche Applied Science), according to manufacturers instructions. RNA eccentric was assessed by measuring the absorba nce at 260 nm and its purity was evaluated by the ratio of absorbance at 260/280 nm.cDNA synthesisThe conversion of miRNA to cDNA was performed using TaqMan MicroRNA release Transcription Kit ( PN 4366596 , Applied Biosystems, Foster CA, USA ), using sequence-specific stem-loop primers from apiece miRNA (miR-21 and snoRNA-202). The amplification conditions were as follows 30 min at 15C, 52 min at 42C and finally 10 min at 85C.miRNA-21 congress quantificationWe used qPCR technique to measure the relation expression of miR-21 (StepOne Real-time PCR Systems final volume 20 uL, with1 TaqMan Universal accomplish Mix II Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California USA 1x MicroRNA sample (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California USA) and 2 uL cDNA. As endogenous control, we used snoRNA-202.statistical AnalysisData analysis was performed by the computer software IBMSPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 20.0). The 2Ct method, along with Students t-test was used in order to evaluate a ny statistical differences in the normalized expression of the miR-21.To analyze the normalized relative expression (-Ct) of the different groups, we considered the results corresponding to 99% representation of the population (2). ResultsGenotyping and histological analysisWe observed the presence of integrated HPV DNA (E6 and E2 ORF) in 53% of mice. All cases with HPV-E6 expression also presented HPV-E2 expression. All mice with integrated HPV DNA demonstrated, phenotypically, various degrees of persistent epidermal and squamous mucosal hyperplasia, characteristic lesions associated to HPV infection, previously described in Arbeit et al. study 12. After histologic evaluation we observed that, in all cases with integrated HPV DNA, the ear wanders presented epidermal in situ carcinomas while the chest tissues showed epidermal hyperplasia. In wild-type mice we observed normal histology.MiRNA-21 expression profile in tissue of transgenic versus wild-type miceTo investigate a possible direct influence of HPV16 on the miR-21 expression profile, we analyzed the relative expression between the all tissues (ear and chest) of transgenic mice and the tissues of the control group. We did not found statistical difference in expression levels between both groups (p=0,615). When we correspond the miRNA-21 expression in ear and chest samples, singly, we also did not found statistical difference in expression levels between transgenic and wild type mice (Fig.2).MiRNA-21 expression profile in normal tissueTo study the miR-21 normal expression profile in tissues, we quantified the expression of miR-21 in the ear and chest skin samples of the control group. We observed that the ear tissues have start out expression levels when compared to chest tissue (p = 0.036) (Fig.3 a)).Mir-21 expression profile in tissues of transgenic miceTo compare the relation between miR-21 expression and lesion type, we analyzed the histology of ear and chest samples from transgenic mice and we qua ntified the expression of miR-21 in the same. We detected that lower expression levels of miR-21 are associated with cancerous lesions as in situ carcinomas (ear) compared with hyperplastic lesions (chest) (p=0,043) (Fig.3 b)).DiscussionRecent studies have associated miR-21 to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer. (ref)MiR-21 overexpression is observed in the majority of carcinomas and hematological malignancies. However, understanding of the potential role of miRNA-21 in previous microenvironment to the development of HPV-associated lesions remains elusive.In cervical cancer, it is accepted that HPV infection is the more or less important factor for transition from normal cervical epithelium to cervical pre-neoplastic intraepithelial neoplasia and subsequently to invasive cervical cancer. However, the influence of others factors including the microenvironment are poorly investigated. Microenvironment associated to miR-21 may be key factor to the predisposition of cancer. We studied that the expression of miR-21 in normal tissues could be important in development of HPV-associated tumors.Our results demonstrate that, in transgenic mice, all ear tissues presented epidermal in situ carcinomas and chest tissues showed epidermal hyperplasia. Thus, we presuppose that these interesting facts could be related to different miR-21 profile expression of both tissues.Our results indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between the miR-21 expression in HPV-positive samples and controls, concluding therefore that the presence of HPV does not nowadays influence the expression of this microRNA. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that differences in the miR-21 expression existing in the normal tissue microenvironment are an important antigenic determinant of the HPV-induced carcinogenesis process.Several studies have expanded the concept that irritation is a small component of tumour progression. Many cancers arise from sites of infection, chronic irritation and excitement 13.Thomas X. Lu et al., identified an IL-12/IFN-gdependent passage as the most prominent upregulated pathway in the lungs of OVAchallenged miR-21-/- mice compared with wild-type littermate controls, providing substantial evidence that this is the major pathway dysregulated in the miR-21deficient mice 14. As IL-12 is a major cytokine that regulates Th1 versus Th2 decisions primarily by inducing T cells to produce the Th1 cytokine IFN- 15, may be related to inflammation responsible for tumor progression.These facts that relate the miR-21 downregulation with increased inflammation may condone our findings that tissues with lower miR-21 expression are more likely to develop a carcinogenic pathway.Pten has been verified as a miR-21 target in pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular cancer and squamous cell carcinoma 16, 17. ()References1.Walboomers, J.M., et al., Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer world wide. J Pathol, 1999. 189(1) p. 12-9.2.Watson, M., et al., Using population-based cancer registry data to assess the burden of human papillomavirus-associated cancers in the United States overview of methods. Cancer, 2008. 113(10 Suppl) p. 2841-54.3.Major, T., et al., The characteristics of human papillomavirus DNA in head and neck cancers and papillomas. J Clin Pathol, 2005. 58(1) p. 51-5.4.Coussens, L.M., D. Hanahan, and J.M. Arbeit, Genetic predisposition and parameters of malignant progression in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice. Am J Pathol, 1996. 149(6) p. 1899-917.5.Masset, A., et al., Unimpeded skin carcinogenesis in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice deficient for plasminogen activator inhibitor. Int J Cancer, 2011. 128(2) p. 283-93.6.Stoler, A., et al., Use of monospecific antisera and cRNA probes to localize the major changes in keratin expression during normal and abnormal epidermal differentiation. J Cell Biol, 1988. 107(2) p. 427-46.7.Chen, C.Z., MicroRNAs as oncogenes and tumor supp resser genes. N Engl J Med, 2005. 353(17) p. 1768-71.8.Paranjape, T., F.J. Slack, and J.B. Weidhaas, MicroRNAs tools for cancer diagnostics. Gut, 2009. 58(11) p. 1546-54.9.Chan, J.A., A.M. Krichevsky, and K.S. Kosik, MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res, 2005. 65(14) p. 6029-33.10.Iyevleva, A.G., et al., High level of miR-21, miR-10b, and miR-31 expression in isobilateral vs. unilateral breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2012. 131(3) p. 1049-59.11.Kulda, V., et al., Relevance of miR-21 and miR-143 expression in tissue samples of colorectal carcinoma and its liver metastases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet, 2010. 200(2) p. 154-60.12.Arbeit, J.M., et al., modernized squamous epithelial neoplasia in K14-human papillomavirus type 16 transgenic mice. J Virol, 1994. 68(7) p. 4358-68.13.Coussens, L.M. and Z. Werb, Inflammation and cancer. Nature, 2002. 420(6917) p. 860-7.14.Lu, T.X., et al., MicroRNA-21 limits in vivo immune response-mediated ac tivation of the IL-12/IFN-gamma pathway, Th1 polarization, and the severity of delayed-type hypersensitivity. J Immunol, 2011. 187(6) p. 3362-73.15.Gately, M.K., et al., The interleukin-12/interleukin-12-receptor system role in normal and pathologic immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol, 1998. 16 p. 495-521.16.Darido, C., et al., Targeting of the tumor suppressor GRHL3 by a miR-21-dependent proto-oncogenic network results in PTEN loss and tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell, 2011. 20(5) p. 635-48.17.Meng, F., et al., MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer. Gastroenterology, 2007. 133(2) p. 647-58.Fig. 1 Mice genotyping. The presence of integrated HPV was assessed by amplification of HPV-E2 (b) and HPV-E6 (c) genes by polymerase chain reaction methodology (PCR) in-house. Mouse--globin gene was used as endogenous control (a).Fig. 2 Normalized relative expression of miR-21 in transgenic mice (HPV+) and wild-type mice (HPV-), in ear (a) and chest tissue (b).1